FROM PANACEA TO PROBLEM: THE DEMONISATION OF OPIUM IN LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY BRITAIN

This thesis considers the multivalent role of opium in the last decades of the nineteenth century in Britain. It traces the not insignificant changes to the perception of the safety and suitability of opiate use in medical and non-medical contexts between their instigation in the 1870s until century’s close. It argues that there is a paucity of meaningful contextualisation and synthesis of opium in the existing historical scholarship. By re-assessing three particular historiographical landmarks in this field, this work contributes historical detail of the medical, cultural, and scientific character of this period, and critique of the scholarly approach to opium in late-nineteenth-century England

Experiencing the Implementation of New Inquiry Science Curricula

Using a phenomenological methodology, a cohort of four experienced science teachers was interviewed about their experience transitioning from traditional, teacher and fact-centered science curricula to inquiry-based curricula. Each teacher participated in two interviews that focused on their teaching backgrounds, their experience teaching the prior traditional curriculum, and their experience teaching the new inquiry-based curriculum. The findings are presented as a narrative of each teachers’ experience with the new curriculum implementation. Analyzing the data revealed four key themes. 1) The teachers felt trapped by the old curriculum as it did not align with their positive views of teaching science through inquiry. 2) The teachers found a way to fit their beliefs and values into the old and new curriculum. This required changes to the curriculum. 3) The teachers attempted to make the science curriculum as meaningful as possible for their students. 4) The teachers experienced a balancing act between their beliefs and values and the various aspects of the curriculum. The revealed essence of the curriculum transition is one of freedom and reconciliation of their beliefs. The teachers experienced the implementation of the new curriculum as a way to ensure their values and beliefs of science education were embedded therein. They treated the new curriculum as a malleable structure to impart their grander ideas of science education (e.g. providing important skills for future careers, creating a sense of wonder, future problem solving) to the students. Their changes were aligned with the philosophy of the curriculum kits they were implementing. Thus, the fidelity of the curriculum’s philosophy was not at risk even though the curriculum kits were not taught as written. This study showed that phenomenological methods are able to reveal the relationship between a teacher\u27s prior experiences, values and beliefs and their current instructional philosophy in science education. An analytical diagram was developed based on this relationship and the teachers’ experiences moving from a traditional to a new inquiry curricula. The diagram suggests a transition from feeling trapped in an existing curriculum that is inconsistent with teacher values to finding a fit and balance in a new curriculum that provides a better though not perfect fit. This diagram can serve as a guide for how to design future, ongoing professional development to ensure the success of an inquiry curriculum designed to replace a more traditional one and may be applicable to other teachers

Materialization of the law of defense in the initial phase of the action of extinction of the right of domain

El presente artículo de investigación analiza la materialización del derecho de defensa en la fase inicial de la acción de extinción del derecho de dominio, en ocasión a una posible vulneración por parte de la Fiscalía General de la Nación, respecto de los afectados y terceros indeterminados, ante la imposibilidad de interponer recursos contra la resolución que fija la pretensión, así como la informalidad de la comunicación a los intervinientes en la fase inicial. El estudio se encuadra metodológicamente en la investigación jurídica, del tipo descriptivo analítico, y la técnica de revisión documental. Finalmente, se propone un nuevo modelo de procedimiento en el trámite de extinción del derecho de dominio que permitiría hacer efectivo y eficiente el derecho de defensa, así como interponer recursos contra la resolución de la fijación provisional de la pretensión y agilizar su procedimiento, conservando su esencia jurídica y la protección de derechos fundamentales.This article scientific research, analyzes the realization of the right of defense in the initial phase of the action of extinction of ownership rights on the occasion of a possible breach by the Attorney General's Office, for those affected and third indeterminate, unable to appeal against the decision establishing the claim and informality of communication to those involved in the initial phase. The study is methodologically framed in legal research, analytical descriptive, and technical document review. Finally, a new model procedure proposed in the process of extinction of ownership rights that would allow for effective and efficient the right of defense and appeal against the decision of the provisional fixation of the claim and expedite its proceedings, retaining its legal essence and the protection of fundamental rights

Predation in Many Dimensions: Spatial Context Is Important for Meaningful Functional Response Experiments

For simplicity and to minimize variation, functional response experiments frequently use environments of simple physical structure and small size. Less attention is paid to similarity of the experimental environment to the natural environment where predation occurs. Assumptions about predator and prey use of space are often implied in the choice of experimental environment. We illustrate how these assumptions may affect conclusions with an experiment testing how arena size affects a functional response. Toxorhynchites rutilus preyed upon larval Culex restuans in containers differing in volume by 15x, but spanning a similar range of prey/liter. The most plausible Type II model included attack rates that were statistically indistinguishable, but in the larger volume, had handling time that was lower by \u3e 30x compared to the smaller volume, suggesting a major change in predator behavior with container volume. When we altered our assumption that predation scales with prey/liter, assuming instead that aggregation causes predation to scale with prey/area of surface or bottom, the conclusions changed: neither attack rate nor handling time differed with container size. Thus, our assumption about how predator and prey used space altered the conclusions of the experiment. We then summarize recently published experiments showing that spatial context affects estimated functional responses. We suggest that functional response experiments would be improved by using larger experimental spaces that represent physical complexity of environments where predation occurs. Greater spatial extent and complexity are likely to cause aggregation of predation. Effects of more realistic spatial context are likely to yield more complete understanding of quantitative aspects of predation

A diachronic investigation of the semantic field 'death'

No abstract available

La aplicación del principio de oportunidad en el delito de conducción en estado de ebriedad, Jaén, 2023

La investigación tuvo como objetivo general determinar la eficacia de la aplicación del principio de oportunidad en el delito de conducción en estado de ebriedad, Jaén, 2023. Su metodología tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo. El diseño fue no experimental. La muestra fue de 12 fiscales y 80 carpetas fiscales. Los resultados indican que el 58.33% de los encuestados considera que siempre los imputados que conducen vehículos particulares en estado de ebriedad y se les determina un dosaje superior a 0,5 g/l de alcohol en la sangre, aceptan que superaron el límite legal permitido, con un 16.7% manifiestan que algunas veces y casi nunca lo admiten, y el resto opina que nunca lo acepta. Asimismo, un 33.33% considera que algunas veces los imputados que conducen vehículos de transporte público de pasajeros en estado de ebriedad y se les determina un dosaje superior a 0,25 g/l de alcohol en la sangre, aceptan que superaron el límite legal permitido. Como conclusión se determinó la eficacia de la aplicacióndel principio de oportunidad en el delito de conducción en estado de ebriedad, puesto que existe una correlación positiva moderada significativa entre el principio de oportunidad y el delito de conducción en estado de ebriedad

Comparación del desempeño de varias calidades de gas natural y evaluación de viabilidad para el uso de biogás como combustible para vehículos que operan con GNCV.

El desarrollo de los combustibles alternativos y el desarrollo del gas natural como combustible para uso vehicular ha permitido el crecimiento de este segmento el cual se consolida con alrededor de 700 estaciones de servicio a lo largo del país y un total estimado de 500000 vehículos convertidos desde el inicio del programa de masificación de este energético. La regulación nacional permite el uso alternativo de este combustible en motores de gasolina ciclo Otto, adaptando kits de conversión para su uso, y la importación de vehículos originales de fábrica para operar exclusivamente con este combustible. El uso intensivo de los combustibles fósiles, el crecimiento de las poblaciones de las zonas urbanas y la generación de residuos de la población permiten el estudio de alternativas de eficiencia energética y ambiental. Buscando la reducción de los gases efecto invernadero y gases contaminantes locales para ciudades en vía de desarrollo y con cantidades de población altas, Bogotá toma un interés especial por su continuo crecimiento y desarrollo económico. Este trabajo busca mostrar la operación de motores ciclo Otto, con diferentes tipos de gas natural, biogás y biogás tratado para adquisición de metano. La capacidad de producción de biogás del relleno sanitario Doña Juana de la ciudad, el impacto de este y la viabilidad de su tratamiento para uso en motores de combustión permitiría su aprovechamiento y reducción de las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero a la atmosfera. Se muestran las dimensiones principales de el volumen de residuos y la capacidad de generación de metano para sustitución de gas natural fósil, evidenciando la viabilidad de su uso productivo, ya que en la actualidad se realiza la quema controlada total de este subproducto de la disposición final de residuos sólidos en Bogotá, buscando mostrar a los gobiernos locales y empresa privada del potencial energético, ambiental y económico de este desecho gaseoso. En este estudio se logra evidenciar la viabilidad de la operación de motores ciclo Otto con las diferentes calidades de gas natural encontradas en Colombia, realizando pruebas y simulaciones con diferentes composiciones químicas, destacando aumentos de temperatura en la cámara de combustión para mezclas de gas con el alto contenido de etano y propano, Evidenciando la falta de normativas que incluyan en sus parámetros características apropiadas para la correcta utilización en motores de combustión. Se construyen gráficas de calor liberado y presión para un motor ciclo Otto con gas natural demostrando su operatividad y comportamiento, destacando el aumento de presión, posterior al máximo calor liberado encontrado, es decir que aún después de liberar su máximo calor se produce trabajo, aunque algunas referencias contradicen este buen comportamiento en operaciones con gas natural y desvirtúa una correcta operación de motores ciclo Otto con gas natural.The development of alternative fuels and the development of natural gas as fuel for the use of the vehicle has the growth of this segment, which is consolidated with around 700 service stations throughout the country, and an estimated total of 500,000 vehicles converted from. The beginning of the program of massification of this energy. National regulation allows for the alternative use of this fuel in Otto cycle gasoline engines, adapting conversion kits for use, and importing original factory vehicles for operation with this fuel. The intensive use of fossil fuels, the growth of urban populations and the generation of waste from the population, the study of energy and environmental efficiency alternatives. Seeking the reduction of greenhouse gases and local polluting gases for developing cities and with high population amounts, Bogotá takes a special interest in its continuous growth and economic development. This work seeks to show the operation of Otto cycle engines, with different types of natural gas, biogas and biogas treated for the acquisition of methane. The biogas production capacity of the city's landfill Doña Juana, the impact of this and the feasibility of its treatment for use in combustion engines would allow its use and reduction of the emissions of gases effect in the atmosphere. It shows the main dimensions of the waste volume and the methane generation capacity for the substitution of natural gas, evidencing the viability of its productive use, since at present the total controlled burning of this by-product of the final disposal of Solid waste in Bogotá, seeking to show local governments and private companies the energy, environmental and economic potential of this gaseous waste. In this study it is possible to demonstrate the feasibility of the operation of cycle engines. With the different grades of natural gas found in Colombia, performing tests and simulations with different chemical compositions, highlighting the temperature increases in the combustion chamber for gas mixtures with the high content of ethane and propane, Evidenciando the lack of regulations that include in its parameters suitable for the correct use in combustion engines. They are constructed graphs of released heat and press for a motor Otto cycle with the natural gas demonstrating its operability and behavior, emphasizing the increase of pressure, after the maximum of the pressure, Some references contradict this good behavior in the operations with natural gas and Degrades the correct operation of Otto cycle engines with natural gas.Maestrí