Hemopoietic cell kinase (Hck) and p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) are involved in the down-regulation of CD1a lipid antigen presentation by HIV-1 Nef in dendritic cells

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) play a major role in in vivo pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Therefore, DCs may provide a promising strategy to control and eventually overcome the fatal infection. Especially, immature DCs express all CD1s, the non-MHC lipid antigen -presenting molecules, and HIV-1 Nef down-regulates CD1 expression besides MHC. Moreover, CD1d-restricted CD4+ NKT cells are infected by HIV-1, reducing the number of these cells in HIV-1-infected individuals. To understand the exact role of DCs and CD1-mediated immune response during HIV-1 infection, Nef down-regulation of CD1a-restricted lipid/glycolipid Ag presentation in iDCs was analyzed. We demonstrated the involvement of the association of Nef with hemopoietic cell kinase (Hck) and p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2), and that Hck, which is expressed strongly in iDCs, augmented this mutual interaction. Hck might be another therapeutic target to preserve the function of HIV-1 infected DCs, which are potential reservoirs of HIV-1 even after antiretroviral therapy

三重県における地域別食生活実態の公衆栄養学的考察 : 第6報 三重県松阪保健所管轄内の在宅脳卒中後遺症者の栄養摂取状態について

A survey on ADL and nutritional conditions was carried out on the patients at home with sequelae of cerebral apoplexy who were notified by medical institutions in Matsuzaka city and Meiwa-cho within the jurisdiction of the Matsuzaka Public Health Center and were discharged about three months before and the following results were obtained. (1) Of 10 patients, 3 required help, but other 7 did not require it in spite of physical handicaps such as unilateral paralysis. This might reflect the result of home care after discharge such as rehabilitation which was carried out through the medical communication system under the direction of the public health center. (2) When intake of each nutrient was compared with the standard intake in each patient, calories and protein were deficient in 6 of 10 patients and fat and vitamin B_1 and B_2 in 8 of 10 patients. Calcium and vitamin A were markedly deficient in almost all patients. (3) Intake of salt was more than 6 g in all the patients. (4) When food intake was examined by food groups, significant difference was noted between intake by each patient and the standard intake in the potato, fat, milk, green and yellow vegetables and fruits. It should be noted that 6 of 10 patients did not ingest milk at all. (5) Following these results, nutritional rehabilitation can be considered necessary for patients at home with sequelae of cerebral apoplexy