Incompatibility of the Digital Economy Act 2010 subscriber appeal process provisions with Article 6 of the ECHR

This is the accepted manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in International Review of Law, Computers and Technology on 10 January 2014. The version of record [Romero-Moreno, F. (2014) Incompatibility of the Digital Economy Act 2010 subscriber appeal process provisions with Article 6 of the ECHR', International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 28(1): 81-97, first published on line January 10, 2014] is available online via doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2013.869912Through case-law research, this paper critically assesses the compatibility of the Digital Economy Act 2010 (DEA) subscriber appeal process provisions (Section 13 of the DEA) with Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Drawing on the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case-law, Ofcom's Initial Obligations Code (the Code), and the DEA judicial review decision, namely, BT PLC and Talk Talk PLC v Secretary of State for Business Innovation and Skills and others, this paper focuses on the three Strasbourg Court principles of equality of arms, admissibility of evidence, and presumption of innocence, in an effort to determine whether Section 13 of the DEA infringes them, and whether this constitutes a breach of a subscriber's right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the ECHR. The paper examines these three ECtHR principles. It contrasts such principles with the Code's provisions, and considers the compatibility of Section 13 of the DEA with Article 6 of the ECHR. It concludes that the DEA subscriber appeal process provisions do indeed infringe these principles, thus constituting a violation of subscribers' right to a fair trial. It also recommends that the UK government start taking seriously human rights in general, and Article 6 of the ECHR in particular.Peer reviewe

Effect of combination treatment of protocatechuic acid with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin on colon cancer Caco-2 cell line

Among the most common antitumor drugs used in the treatment of colon cancer are 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (5-FU and OXA). However, both these drugs have many side effects, and hence there is a need for new treatment\approach to reduce the side effects aas well as drug concentration. In this context, here, we investigated the effect of addition of protocatechuic acid (PCA) onto either monotherapies or combination therapies of 5-FU and OXA on the human colon cancer (Caco-2) cell line. In addition, we did evaluate the synergistic effect of PCA with 5-FU and OXA. Further, we determined the suppressive effects of different doses of PCA alone or in combination with 5-FU/OXA on cell proliferation after 24 and 48 hours. We identified a suppressive effect of PCA on cell viability at 48 h starting from the dose of 50 µM Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 gene expression levels and apoptotic effects showed significant increases and decreases depending on the dose and time applied in the experimental groups. The highest synergistic activity was seen at 2:1 concentration of 5-FU+ PCA. Our findings indicate the presence of the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of PCA in Caco-2 cells at 48 h, increasing with a dose- and time-dependent manner

Activation of endogenous TRPV1 fails to induce overstimulation-based cytotoxicity in breast and prostate cancer cells but not in pain-sensing neurons

Vanilloids including capsaicin and resiniferatoxin are potent transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) agonists. TRPV1 overstimulation selectively ablates capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons in animal models in vivo. The cytotoxic mechanisms are based on strong Na⁺ and Ca2 + influx via TRPV1 channels, which leads to mitochondrial Ca2 + accumulation and necrotic cell swelling. Increased TRPV1 expression levels are also observed in breast and prostate cancer and derived cell lines. Here, we examined whether potent agonist- induced overstimulation mediated by TRPV1 might represent a means for the eradication of prostate carcinoma (PC-3, Du 145, LNCaP) and breast cancer (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, BT-474) cells in vitro. While rat sensory neurons were highly vanilloid- sensitive, normal rat prostate epithelial cells were resistant in vivo. We found TRPV1 to be expressed in all cancer cell lines at mRNA and protein levels, yet protein expression levels were significantly lower compared to sensory neurons. Treatment of all human carcinoma cell lines with capsaicin didn't lead to overstimulation cytotoxicity in vitro. We assume that the low vanilloid-sensitivity of prostate and breast cancer cells is associated with low expression levels of TRPV1, since ectopic TRPV1 expression rendered them susceptible to the cytotoxic effect of vanilloids evidenced by plateau- type Ca2 + signals, mitochondrial Ca2 + accumulation and Na⁺- and Ca2 +-dependent membrane disorganization. Moreover, long- term monitoring revealed that merely the ectopic expression of TRPV1 stopped cell proliferation and often induced apoptotic processes via strong activation of caspase-3 activity. Our results indicate that specific targeting of TRPV1 function remains a putative strategy for cancer treatment

Illuminated Address, 1903

Illuminated Address presented to George Swinburne on his retirement from the Council of the City of Hawthorn 1903. The people of Hawthorn presented to George Swinburne an Illuminated Address as a sign of appreciation for his service to the Hawthorn ratepayers. George Swinburne served on the Council for six years and was the Mayor during the year 1902-3

Muslim-Christian relations. : past, present, future.

New Yorkvi, 144 p.; 24 cm

Muslim-Christian relations : Past, present and future

New Yorkvi, 144 p.; 23 c