The Influence of Gender on Entrepreneur Identity Aspiration in the Tourism and Hospitality Sector

Hotel-Catering-Tourism (HCT) is an important sector of the economy in a number of countries, often representing more than 5% of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP), especially in France and Senegal. This research examines the influence of gender on the motivation of students in the HCT sector to endorse an entrepreneur identity by comparing two countries: France, an individualist society where the economy is ‘innovation-driven’ and Senegal, a more collectivist country whose economy is ‘factor-driven’, according to the classification of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. In these two countries, which are at different levels of economic development, the HCT sector accounts for a sizeable share of their GDP at 5.3% for Senegal, and 7.2% for France. The data for this study were collected from 680 HCT students in both countries. Statistical data processing showed that gender has no influence on the entrepreneur identity aspiration of HCT students surveyed in both countries including 279 in France and 401 in Senegal. This result seems to illustrate a paradigm shift among young women who, as much as young men, aspire to endorse an entrepreneur identity. This finding is a break with the assumptions supporting the main trends in female entrepreneurship research

Kidney failure screening in the general population of rural Africa

Kidney failure is a silently progressive disease too often unknown to the patients. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of kidney disease in Conakry so as to develop strategies for early detection and prevention.This was a descriptive-type prospective study carried out over six months, from January 31 to July 31, 2012. The study was carried out in two areas: In health facilities where the population were at a higher risk of developing kidney disease (diabetes, uropathies, infectious diseases and HIV, hypertension and cardiovascular disease), and in an apparently healthy population. In the study we included black subjects hospitalised in different targeted wards, as well as fully active apparently healthy subjects of the general population. Renal function was assessed with the simplified MDRD formula. Data collection included clinical parameters: Blood pressure, weight, height and blood laboratory parameters (creatinine, glucose) and urine (urine dipstick, 24h quantitative proteinuria).One hundred and ninety-nine patients were selected for the study: 117 men and 82 women ageing from 20 to 90 years. The prevalence of renal failure was 59% in the population at risk, with 53.3% of men and 16% in apparently healthy population with 60% of men with a statistically significant difference: p = 0.00000001. Proteinuria was observed in 86 patients in the population at risk against 19 in the healthy population

Importance of screening for urinary tract infection in African Black diabetics

Urinary tract infections are common and often latent in diabetic patients. The objective of this study was to determinethe frequency of urinary tract infections and the organisms responsible.This is a descriptive type prospective study conducted in the Endocrinology and Diabetology ward of Donka UniversityHospital. All diabetic patients hospitalised from January 3rd to April 4th 2013 were included in the study.Two hundred and sixty-two diabetics had been screened, 64 (24.42%) had a urinary tract infection 41 women (64%)and 23 men (36%). The average age was 56.48 16.3 years with a range of 20-90 years. Urinary tract infections weremore frequent between the ages of 45 and 74 (67.20%). Sixty patients were married, four were single. Fifty-six patientswere type 2 diabetes against eight type I diabetes. Urine test strips showed 60 cases of pyuria, 36 cases of nitruria, 21cases of proteinuria and three cases of hematuria. Organisms identified were: Escherichia coli in 31 cases (48.43%): 25women and six men; Klebsiella pneumoniae in 14 cases (21.87%): nine women and five men; Staphylococcus aureusin 11 cases (17.18%): six women and five men; and Proteus mirabilis in eight cases (12.51%): two women and six men.The clinical manifestations were: asymptomatic bacteriuria in 57 cases (89.06%); acute cystitis in five cases (7.81%); andacute urethritis in two cases (3.13%).Urinary infection in African diabetics is very common. It requires a systematic screening with urine test strips becauseasymptomatic types are by far the most common. This would allow early treatment and avoid serious complications

Subsequent mortality in survivors of Ebola virus disease in Guinea: a nationwide retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: A record number of people survived Ebola virus infection in the 2013-16 outbreak in west Africa, and the number of survivors has increased after subsequent outbreaks. A range of post-Ebola sequelae have been reported in survivors, but little is known about subsequent mortality. We aimed to investigate subsequent mortality among people discharged from Ebola treatment units. METHODS: From Dec 8, 2015, Surveillance Active en ceinture, the Guinean national survivors' monitoring programme, attempted to contact and follow-up all survivors of Ebola virus disease who were discharged from Ebola treatment units. Survivors were followed up until Sept 30, 2016, and deaths up to this timepoint were recorded. Verbal autopsies were done to gain information about survivors of Ebola virus disease who subsequently died from their closest family members. We calculated the age-standardised mortality ratio compared with the general Guinean population, and assessed risk factors for mortality using survival analysis and a Cox proportional hazards regression model. FINDINGS: Of the 1270 survivors of Ebola virus disease who were discharged from Ebola treatment units in Guinea, information was retrieved for 1130 (89%). Compared with the general Guinean population, survivors of Ebola virus disease had a more than five-times increased risk of mortality up to Dec 31, 2015 (age-standardised mortality ratio 5·2 [95% CI 4·0-6·8]), a mean of 1 year of follow-up after discharge. Thereafter (ie, from Jan 1-Sept 30, 2016), mortality did not differ between survivors of Ebola virus disease and the general population. (0·6 [95% CI 0·2-1·4]). Overall, 59 deaths were reported, and the cause of death was tentatively attributed to renal failure in 37 cases, mostly on the basis of reported anuria. Longer stays (ie, equal to or longer than the median stay) in Ebola treatment units were associated with an increased risk of late death compared with shorter stays (adjusted hazard ratio 2·62 [95% CI 1·43-4·79]). INTERPRETATION: Mortality was high in people who recovered from Ebola virus disease and were discharged from Ebola treatment units in Guinea. The finding that survivors who were hospitalised for longer during primary infection had an increased risk of death, could help to guide current and future survivors' programmes and in the prioritisation of funds in resource-constrained settings. The role of renal failure in late deaths after recovery from Ebola virus disease should be investigated. FUNDING: WHO, International Medical Corps, and the Guinean Red Cross

Election management bodies in West Africa : a comparative approach between Mali and Guinea

Les commissions électorales indépendantes ou autonomes sont apparues en Afrique à la moitié des années 1990 dans le but démocratique de résoudre les crises autour de l’organisation d’élections. Ce sont des institutions juridiquement responsables de l’ensemble ou d’une partie du processus électoral. Elles sont soit politiques, techniques ou mixtes et sont perçues comme une solution à l’absence de transparence dans les processus électoraux. Le Mali et la Guinée ont choisi des commissions électorales politiques. Si la présence des partis politiques au sein de ces commissions est le gage d’une volonté de transparence et de crédibilité des élections, toutefois, ouvrir les commissions électorales aux formations politiques fait courir le risque de reproduire, en leur sein, les rivalités politiques. La création des organes de gestion des élections s’est effectuée au gré de différentes crises et intrigues politiques. Sur le plan théorique, tous les instruments juridiques qui encadrent l’organisation des élections reconnaissent et garantissent des élections libres et transparentes. Toutefois, dans la pratique, les textes et institutions sont instrumentalisés et manipulés, altérant ainsi la confiance des acteurs politiques dans une administration électorale politisée à outrance. La qualité des processus électoraux demeure en effet suspecte en raison de la faiblesse ou de la partialité de ses membres ou tout simplement de la communautarisation des élections. Les élections deviennent le moyen par lequel le système politique se perpétue depuis des années et la fraude électorale le régulateur systémique. Nous ne sommes plus dans les crises inhérentes à l’absence d’élection, mais des crises liées à des élections truquées. Le vote en tant qu’outil de désignation des élites à la disposition des citoyens est ici affaibli et les éventuels dispositifs de contrôle ne permettent pas d’endiguer les multiples fraudes orchestrées lors des scrutins.Independent or autonomous electoral commissions emerged in Africa in the mid-1990s with the democratic aim of resolving crises surrounding the organization of elections. They are institutions legally responsible for all or part of the electoral process. They are either political, technical or mixed and are seen as a solution to the lack of transparency in electoral processes. Mali and Guinea have chosen political electoral commissions. While the presence of political parties in these commissions is a guarantee of transparency and credibility of the elections, opening the electoral commissions to political parties runs the risk of reproducing political rivalries within them. The creation of electoral management bodies has taken place in the context of various crises and political intrigues. In theory, all legal instruments governing the organization of elections recognize and guarantee free and transparent elections. However, in practice, the texts and institutions are used and manipulated, thereby undermining the confidence of political actors in an overly politicized electoral administration. The quality of electoral processes remains suspect because of the weakness or partiality of its members or simply the communalization of elections. Elections become the means by which the political system is perpetuated for years and electoral fraud the systemic regulator. We are no longer in the crises inherent in the absence of elections, but in the crises linked to rigged elections. The vote as a tool for the designation of elites at the disposal of the citizens is weakened and the possible control devices do not allow the containment of the multiple frauds orchestrated during the polls

Factors of commitment of students and university governance : the case of Senegal

L’objet de cette thèse est de comprendre les manifestations de l’implication des étudiants et les mécanismes qui la favorisent. D’abord nous avons exposé les théories de la gouvernance (parties prenantes et responsabilité sociale), les différents modèles d’organisation des universités et la place de l’implication à l’Université. Ces bases théoriques nous ont permis de poser notre modèle. Ensuite, nous avons construit les concepts de notre modèle sur la base de 12 entretiens exploratoires, de recherche documentaire et d’observations ; et présenté le fonctionnement de l’université sénégalaise. Il apparait toutefois nécessaire pour l’université d’identifier les facteurs d’implication des étudiants pour mieux attirer ces derniers. Le recueil de données est principalement constitué d’une étude quantitative (n = 277, taux de retour 92%). Enfin, nous avons analysé les résultats et énuméré les perspectives managériales qui en découlent. Les aspects annexes, la qualité de l’enseignement, la participation dans les associations et les caractéristiques individuelles sont les éléments que la gouvernance des universités doit prendre en compte pour susciter l’implication des étudiants.The purpose of this thesis is to understand the manifestations of the commitment of students and the mechanisms that favor it. First, we presented the theories of the governance (stakeholders and social responsibility), the different models of organization concerning universities as well as the place of commitment at the University. These theoretica foundations have enabled us to elaborate our research model. Second, we built the concepts of our research model on the basis of 12 exploratory interviews, documentary research and observations, and presented the functioning of the Senegalese University. It appears, however, necessary for the university to identify the factors of the commitment of students in order tobetter attract them. Data collection consists mainly on a quantitative study (n = 277, rate of response: 92%). Finally, we analyzed the results and enumerated the managerial perspectives. Annexes aspects, quality of education, participation in associations and individual characteristics are the elements that the university governance should take into account togenerate the commitment of students

Les conséquences d’un changement constitutionnel sur le cadre électoral et l’alternance démocratique en Guinée

À partir des années 2000, plusieurs chefs d’États africains ont choisi de modifier leurs constitutions ou tout simplement de les changer dans le but de rester au pouvoir. La République de Guinée n’en fait pas exception. Le président de la République fait adopter, lors d’un double scrutin très controversé et émaillé de violences le 22 mars 2020, une nouvelle Constitution. Cet article analyse les conséquences d’un changement constitutionnel en Guinée sur le cadre électoral, l’alternance politique et le respect des principes démocratiques. Comment la nouvelle Constitution contribue-t-elle à faire vaciller l’alternance politique, renforcer l’emprise du pouvoir exécutif et accroître l’asservissement des institutions électorales ? À travers une analyse empirique, cet article rend compte des changements dans la pratique électorale, du recul démocratique, de l’instrumentalisation de la norme fondamentale et de l’instabilité politique qu’entraine le changement de constitution. Il s’appuie sur une comparaison des textes fondamentaux et l’analyse de l’évolution des dynamiques de représentations sociales et politiques du pays.From the 2000s, several African heads of state chose to modify their constitutions or simply to change them in order to stay in power. The Republic of Guinea is no exception. The President of the Republic adopted a new Constitution during a very controversial and violent double poll on March 22, 2020. This article analyzes the consequences of a constitutional change in Guinea on the electoral framework, political alternation and respect for democratic principles. How does the new Constitution help to topple political changeover, strengthen the strengthening of executive power and increase the enslavement of electoral institutions? Through an empirical analysis, this article reports on changes in electoral practice, democratic decline, the instrumentalization of the fundamental norm and the political instability that results from the change of constitution. It is based on a comparison of fundamental texts and an analysis of the evolution of the dynamics of social and political representations of the country