Effet d’une complémentation valorisant les ressources localement disponibles sur les performances de production laitière des vaches en vue de réduire l’intervalle vêlage-vêlage en zone périurbaine de Bobo-Dioulasso au Burkina Faso

Objectif : L’objectif de l’étude était d’évaluer l’effet d’une complémentation stratégique valorisant les ressources localement disponibles, durant le pré et le post-partum des vaches, sur leurs performances de production laitière, l’évolution pondérale des veaux et la réduction de l’intervalle vêlage-vêlage des mères. Méthodologie et résultats : Trois traitements ont été réalisés avec un effectif total de 60 vaches dont 20 vaches complémentées avec du tourteau de coton, du son de maïs, des pierres à lécher et de l’eau de boisson ad libitum) avant et après vêlage (lot VCAAV), 20 vaches complémentées seulement après vêlage (lot VCAV) et 20 autres non complémentées (lot VNC). La production moyenne de lait trait a varié significativement d’un traitement à l’autre (VCAAV = 4,95 ± 0,70 litres; VCAV = 4,14 ± 0,50 litres; VNC = 3,42 ± 0,71 litres). A la naissance (PMN), le poids moyen des veaux issus du lot VCAAV était de 26,92 kg, tandis que celui des lots VCAV et VNC était de 18 kg, soit une différence moyenne de 09 kg. Enfin, les VCAAV sont revenues en chaleur trois mois en moyenne contre cinq mois et plus en moyenne pour les VCAV et les VNC. Conclusion et application des résultats : La production laitière des vaches peut être améliorée en saison sèche par une complémentation stratégique avant et après mise-bas avec des ressources alimentaires localement disponibles telles que le tourteau de coton, le son de maïs, les pierres à lécher et de l’eau de boisson ad libitum). La complémentation a permis non seulement une augmentation de la productivité, mais aussi une augmentation du poids des veaux avant et après vêlage et une réduction sensible de l’intervalle vêlage-vêlage. Ce qui est un objectif fondamental pour le producteur de lait qui veut toujours un veau par vache par an. Mots clés : Vaches, complémentation pré et post-partum, quantité lait, poids veaux, intervalle vêlagevêlage

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activities of Combretum molle and Pericopsis laxiflora

In Burkina Faso as in several African countries, diabetes is becoming a very serious disease and public concern. Patients use both drugs and plants for treatment. Thus, Combretum molle and Pericopsis laxiflora have been identified as plants used in Burkina Faso for the treatment of that disease. The aim of the study was to assess phytochemical components and antioxidant activities of those plants in order to highlight why diabetes patients refer to them. The phytochemical analysis of water, ash quantification and screening were done using the standard methods; the antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract against 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) and hydroxyl radical were performed using colorimetric or spectrophotometric methods. The Inhibitory Concentration (IC) was determined using GraphPad Prism version 5. The results showed 6.76±0.076% and 7.52±0.015% of water contents in Combretum molle and Pericopsis laxiflora, respectively. The ash content was 3.41±0.35% for Combretum molle and 3.87±0.15% for Pericopsis laxiflora. The screening revealed the presence of tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and saponins in both plant materials. However, alkaloids were found in Pericopsis laxiflora and hydrolysables tannins and heterosides cardiotonics in Combretum molle. The IC50 for the extract plant of Combretum molle was 42 μg/mL and that of the Pericopsis laxiflora was 44.15 μg/mL for DPPH radical. The antioxidant effect of the extract plant of Combretum molle was 216 μg/mL and the extract plant of Pericopsis laxiflora was 225 μg/mL on the nitric oxide radical. It was concluded that the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponin, alkaloids and cardiotonic heterosides, explains why traditional medicine uses both plants together to treat certain diseases. However, further investigations of the pharmacological potential for diabetes treatment are needed.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Phytochemical, antioxidant activities, Combretum molle, Pericopsis laxiflora, Burkina Fas

Impact of mass administration of azithromycin as a preventive treatment on the prevalence and resistance of nasopharyngeal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of serious illness and death in children, indicating the need to monitor prevalent strains, particularly in the vulnerable pediatric population. Nasal carriage of S. aureus is important as carriers have an increased risk of serious illness due to systemic invasion by this pathogen and can transmit the infection. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of azithromycin in reducing the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carrying of pneumococci, which are often implicated in respiratory infections in children. However, very few studies of the impact of azithromycin on staphylococci have been undertaken. During a clinical trial under taken in 2016, nasal swabs were collected from 778 children aged 3 to 59 months including 385 children who were swabbed before administration of azithromycin or placebo and 393 after administration of azithromycin or placebo. Azithromycin was given in a dose of 100 mg for three days, together with the antimalarials sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine, on four occasions at monthly intervals during the malaria transmission season. These samples were cultured for S. aureus as well as for the pneumococcus. The S. aureus isolates were tested for their susceptibility to azithromycin (15 g), penicillin (10 IU), and cefoxitine (30 g) (Oxoid Ltd). S. aureus was isolated from 13.77% (53/385) swabs before administration of azithromycin and from 20.10% (79/393) six months after administration (PR = 1.46 [1.06; 2.01], p = 0.020). Azithromycin resistance found in isolates of S. aureus did not differ significantly before and after intervention (26.42% [14/53] vs 16.46% [13/79], (PR = 0.62 [0.32; 1.23], p = 0.172). Penicillin resistance was very pronounced, 88.68% and 96.20% in pre-intervention and in post-intervention isolates respectively, but very little Methicillin Resistance (MRSA) was detected (2 cases before and 2 cases after intervention). Monitoring antibiotic resistance in S. aureus and other bacteria is especially important in Burkina Faso due to unregulated consumption of antibiotics putting children and others at risk

Pesticides Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment for Surface Waters in the Cotton Growing Area Around the Bala’s Hippopotamus Pond Biosphere Using PIRI Method

Pesticides residues are frequently found in the environment far from the original point of their application. Besides the desired effects of pest control, non-target organisms, soil and water are contaminated by the pesticides. This paper presents results on the impact of these xenobiotics used in cotton cultivation on River "Wolo" environment in Burkina Faso by using the Pesticide Impact Rating Index (PIRI) software package. The assessment was based on the assumption of three scenarios taking into account the organic matter content of the soil and the presence of a buffer zone. Pesticides properties and use data, and data on the physical environment, were also used. Considering the worst case (scenario 2), diuron, haloxyfop-R-methyl, glyphosate and nicosulfuron were the most mobile. Diuron was classified as the most toxic pesticide to Scenedesmus quadricauda. Toxicity to Daphnia magna was extremely high with chlorpyrifos ethyl, very high with betacyfluthrin, deltamethrin, lamda-cyalothrin and high with flubendiamide. For Oncorhynchus mykiss, it was beta-cyfluthrin, deltamethrin and lamdacyhalothrin that caused a very high risk and chlorpyrifos ethyl and indoxacarb a high risk. For all pesticides, the risks are reduced overall depending on the width of the buffer zone and the organic matter content of the soil. The use of a pesticide in a given location must take into account its ecotoxicological impact on the surrounding ecosystem. Tools such as PIRI, could be used for the selection of pesticides to be used. Also, environmental parameters such as buffer zone and organic matter content should be used by farmers to limit the mobility of pesticides to water

Poultry Production System in Mauritania before the Activities of the “Program to Alleviate Rural Poverty through Support to Subsectors” (ProLPRAF)

The objective of the present study was to display the state of poultry production in fourth (4) regions (Nouakchott, Hodh El Gharbi, Assaba and Guidimaka) covered by ProLPRAF program at the beginning of the program activities in 2011. Data were collected during surveys with different questionnaires addressed to different actors of the poultry sector. Results from farmers showed that 65.0% were female with average age of 45.3 ± 8.40 years. Production constraints remained the same as those encountered in poultry farming in developing countries. There were no poultry markets in the regions, poultry sellers in Nouakchott were male (100%) with average age of 34.8 ± 5.2 years. Traditional local chicken marketed in the regions came either from Nouakchott region (40%) and others (40%), or imported from neighboring countries (20%). In modern poultry farming, day-old chick was imported from Morocco (85%) or Senegal (15%) as well as production inputs. The price of local chicken ranged from 1385 ± 126 to 2325 ± 275 MU, while broiler chicken was between 1255 ± 60 and 1470 ± 47 MU. Local chicken was for ritual, traditions and practices (75%). Layer’s Eggs were imported from Morocco (55%) or Senegal (45%), and average unit price of one egg was around 43.0 ± 5.0 MU. Poultry meat cooked in the restaurants consisted exclusively of broilers meat (100%). Poultry farming was facing socio-political constraints that limited its development, but the ProLPRAF program has been able to tackle these constraints and the impact of the program is plausible today

The Strategy of Paratransgenesis for the Control of Malaria Transmission

International audienceInsect-borne diseases are responsible for important burdens on health worldwide particularly in Africa. Malaria alone causes close to half a million deaths every year, mostly in developing, tropical and subtropical countries, with 94% of the global deaths in 2019 occurring in the WHO African region. With several decades, vector control measures have been fundamental to fight against malaria. Considering the spread of resistance to insecticides in mosquitoes and to drugs in parasites, the need for novel strategies to inhibit the transmission of the disease is pressing. In recent years, several studies have focused on the interaction of malaria parasites, bacteria and their insect vectors. Their findings suggested that the microbiota of mosquitoes could be used to block Plasmodium transmission. A strategy, termed paratransgenesis, aims to interfere with the development of malaria parasites within their vectors through genetically-modified microbes, which produce antimalarial effectors inside the insect host. Here we review the progress of the paratransgenesis approach. We provide a historical perspective and then focus on the choice of microbial strains and on genetic engineering strategies. We finally describe the different steps from laboratory design to field implementation to fight against malaria

Inhibition of α-amylase activity of Chamaecrista nigricans (Vahl) Greene (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae) and Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf.) Harms (Meliaceae) water extracts

Introduction: Antioxidants and glucosidases inhibitors are interesting in diabetes mellitus prevention and its management. However, conventional drugs have a multitude of unenviable side effects. Thus, research is turning towards herbal remedies, hence this study that was interested in two plants used in the traditional treatment of diabetes in Bobo-Dioulasso. Objective: The aim was to evaluate Chamaecrista (C.) nigricans and Pseudocedrela (P.) kotschyi roots water extracts effect on sorghum α-amylase activity. Methodology: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum trichloride, respectively. FRAP, DPPH and ABTS methods were used to estimate the extracts antioxidant activity. The α-amylase inhibition tests were carried out using the glucose assay method with dinitrosalicylic acid. Results: The C. nigricans and P. kotschyi extracts have shown strong antioxidant activities, 7031.52±15 and 8762.35±51 µmol AAE.g-1E respectively, referring to trolox using ABTS method. These extracts have also shown an inhibitory effect of 98.57% and 97.67% respectively on α-amylase activity. Conclusion/perspectives: These plants have in vitro an interesting anti-amylasic potential. Further investigations will be necessary using a pure enzyme and a wider range of concentration of the extracts in order to determine the kinetic parameters and the fractionation by chromatography to determine the most effective fraction(s). Finally, an in vivo evaluation of the anti-diabetic effect of the extracts could be considered. Keywords: anti α-amylase, antioxidant, Chamaecrista nigricans, Pseudocedrela kotschyi

Glucose adsorption capacity and inhibitory potential of Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf.) Harms (Meliaceae) leaf extracts against α-amylase: a comparative study over three months

Objective(s): The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of Pseudocedrela kotschyi leaf decoction by making a comparison between extracts harvested over three months. Design: This study is done through a few experiences. After the quantification of total polyphenols by folin-Ciocalteu reagent method, the antioxidant activities were tested with ABTS, DPPH and FRAP essays. Then, the glucose oxidase kit was used to determine the glucose adsorption capacity of the extracts. At last, dinitrosalicylic acid method served to evaluate the α-amylase inhibitory activity of the extracts. Results: As results the leaves extracts of Pseudocedrela kotschyi  showed a polyphenol content of 39,97 ± 3,63 mg EAG/g DE for October, 74,2 ± 11,64 for November and 59,45 ± 7,024 for December. For total flavonoids, the content was 4,86 ± 0,29 mg QE/g DE (October) 5,68 ± 0,39 mg QE/g DE (November) and 5,548 ± 0,19 mg QE/g DE (December). In addition, the antioxidant activity was correlated with the phenolic content (r = -0.65 for DPPH IC50, r = -0.84 for ABTS IC50 and r = 0.97 for FRAP). Besides, the extracts exhibited a strong α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0,272 mg DE/mL for October, 0,097 mg DE/mL for November and 0,101 mg DE/mL for December) and had a high capacity to adsorb glucose (over 219,98 ±2,54mmol/g DE for a 30mM glucose solution for November). Conclusion: Pseudocedrela kotschyi leaf decoction has the ability to inhibit α-amylase activity and adsorb glucose in glucose concentrated solution. So it possess a high antidiabetic potential. Keywords: Glucose adsorption, α-amylase, Pseudocedrela kotschyi, antioxidant activity

Impact of the Selection Criteria of Artificially Inseminated Cows on the Probability of Conception and the Occurrence of Embryonic Mortality in Senegal: Modeling Approach

The objective of this study was to measure the relative influence of the animal’s age, body condition score (BCS), glycemia at day of insemination (D0) and the livestock management system on the probability of conception and occurrence of embryonic mortalities. In this study, 81 inseminated cows both of the Gobra Zebu breed and crossbred were sampled. Blood samples were collected the day of insemination (D0) and twenty-one (D21) and thirty-five (D35) days after AI. The BCS, the age and the livestock management system were recorded for all animals before the artificial insemination (AI). The glycemia was measured on D0. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by progesterone and pregnancy associated glycoprotein assays and transrectal palpation. A multinomial logistic model was used to analyze the effect of the selection criteria for cows on the success rate of AI. The pregnancy diagnosis makes possible to detect 47% of pregnant cows and 26% of late embryonic mortality (LEM) at D60 post AI. The maximum likelihood test carried out on the model permits to reject the null hypothesis (p < 0.0001) according to which all animals have the same chance of being pregnant (47%). The variables thus provide a significant amount of information to explain the variability in the success rate of AI. The most significant factor was age (p < 0.0001), followed by the BCS, then glycemia and finally the livestock management system (p = 0.047). The BCS is the factor that most explains the variability in pregnant cows. For the group of LEM, age of the animal accounts for variability