21 research outputs found

    Post-Harvest Management Practices Of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna Subterranea (L.) Verdc) Seeds In Burkina Faso

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    Bambara groundnut plays a major role in the production systems and diets of farmers in Burkina Faso. This crop, due to certain production, storage, or preservation conditions, is subject to damage by insects and fungi. Effective post-harvest management can contribute significantly to reducing losses during storage. This study was carried out in the three agro-ecological areas in Burkina Faso to assess post-harvest management practices of Bambara groundnut among farmers. The data were collected from 180 farmers using surveys. The results showed that the culture of Bambara groundnut was mainly carried out by women (74.4%) on small farms (0.25-0.5ha). The harvested crops were dried at home during a period of 5 to 14 days. About 53% of farmers stored seeds for more than 3 months. Seeds were mainly stored in hermetically sealed cans (45.6%) and in plastic bags (31.1%). Some products such as wood ash and chemicals were used for seed storage. Challenges during seed storage were insects (91.4%) and fungi (42.9%). In the case of seeds attacked by pests (insects, fungi, etc.), farmers (84.4%) adopt a set of measures consisting of sorting, winnowing, drying, and repackaging the seeds. Besides the existence of traditional storage techniques, there is still a need to develop effective storage techniques and continue building farmers’ awareness on improved storage technologies to avoid post-harvest losses

    Synthesis and in vitro antifungal evaluation of 2-thioalkylaryl-benzimidazoles derivatives against Candida albicans

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    The aim of this study is to find potent biomolecules against infectious germs. Based on the reactivity of some key positions of the benzimidazole core, the first part of this work consisted of the synthesis of a series of substituted 2-thioalkylaryl-benzimidazoles 3a-d. Then, another series of N-alkyl-2-thioalkylarylbenzimidazoles 5a-d, 7a-c and 9b-c was also prepared from 2-thioalkylaryl-benzimidazoles by substitution on position-1 of benzimidazole core using the corresponding functionalized ethyl. The chemical structures of these compounds are determined by NMR (1H, 13C) and mass spectrometry. The second part concerned the in vitro antifungal activity evaluation of some of the synthesized compounds on Candida albicans. According to the results of evaluation, four compounds (3b, 3c, 3d and 9c) of the substituted 2-thioalkylaryl-benzimidazoles prove to be potent antifungal agent. Introduction of nitro group (NO2) increased significantly the antifungal activity so that their IMQ is ranging between 0.03 and 0.008 μg (or 333 to 1250 times more efficient than the ketoconazole’s).Keywords: synthesis of 2-thioalkylaryl-benzimidazole, antifungal activity, candida albicans

    1-(2-Methyl­imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-3,3-bis­(methyl­sulfan­yl)prop-2-enone monohydrate

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    The title compound, C13H14N2OS2·H2O, appears in the form of bimolecular aggregate in which mol­ecular components are linked by O—H⋯N hydrogen bonding. The nine-membered imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine system is almost planar, with a mean deviation of 0.026 (1) Å. An intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond forms within the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine system. The crystal packing is consolidated by O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a supra­molecular structure consisting of perpendicular infinite mol­ecular chains running along the a and c axes

    Infestations des Gares Routières par les Punaises de Lit à Abidjan et Risque de Dissémination en Côte d’Ivoire

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    En CĂ´te d’Ivoire, principalement Ă  Abidjan, de plus en plus de cas d’infestations par les punaises de lit sont signalĂ©es dans les gares routières. Malheureusement, les donnĂ©es se rapportant Ă  la bionomie de ces insectes sont quasi inexistantes. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude a pour objectif d’évaluer le niveau d’infestation des gares routières par les punaises de lit. La mĂ©thode de collecte a consistĂ© Ă  rechercher les signes de la prĂ©sence des punaises de lit (Ĺ“ufs Ă©clos ou non, nymphes, peaux de mue brunâtres etc.) dans les cinq communes du district autonome d’Abidjan (Abobo, AdjamĂ©, Koumassi, Treichville et Yopougon) abritant les plus importantes compagnies de transport inter-urbain. Ă€ l’observation de ces signes, des bombes aĂ©rosols ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es pour dĂ©busquer les insectes. Ceux-ci ont par la suite Ă©tĂ© prĂ©levĂ©s puis conservĂ©s dans des bocaux en plastique de 50 mL contenant de l’alcool Ă  70 %. Les Ă©chantillons de punaises ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s Ă  la loupe binoculaire Ă  l’aide de clĂ©s dichotomiques. Au total, 726 punaises de lit ont Ă©tĂ© capturĂ©es dans diffĂ©rents types de gĂ®tes. Ce sont : les bancs des passagers, les sièges des cars, les lits de repos, les fissures dans les murs de bâtiments, les nattes de repos et les tables de bureau. Cimex hemipterus et Cimex lectularius ont Ă©tĂ© les espèces de punaises de lit identifiĂ©es. Elles ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es dans les gares routières d’Abobo, AdjamĂ© et Yopougon, exceptĂ© Koumassi et Treichville. Ă€ Yopougon, AdjamĂ© et Abobo respectivement, 100 ; 89,46 et 85,72 % des gares Ă©taient infestĂ©es par ces deux espèces. Ă€ Abobo, Cimex lectularius a Ă©tĂ© l’espèce prĂ©dominante (n = 42 ; soit 55,27 %). Ă€ AdjamĂ© et Ă  Yopougon, Cimex hemipterus Ă©tait l’espèce la plus reprĂ©sentĂ©e avec, respectivement 53,4 et 76,2 %. Par ailleurs, les femelles et les mâles des deux espèces avaient une forte prĂ©fĂ©rence pour les bancs des passagers. Les infestations de punaises de lit constatĂ©es au niveau des gares routières du district autonome d’Abidjan traduisent un risque de dissĂ©mination vers d’autres villes, voir hors des limites de la CĂ´te d’Ivoire. Il apparait donc urgent de mettre en place, sur la base des prĂ©sents rĂ©sultats, des mesures de lutte et de contrĂ´le avant que la colonisation de ces insectes ne devienne un vĂ©ritable problème de santĂ© publique.   In the Ivory Coast, mainly in Abidjan, more and more cases of infestation by bedbugs are reported in road stations. Unfortunately, the data relating to the bionomy of these insects are almost non-existent. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of infestation of road stations by the bedbugs. The collection method consisted of seeking signs of the presence of bedbugs (eggs or non-naked, nymph, brown-mud heavy skin, etc.) in five districts of Abidjan. Standardist District (Abobo, Adjame, Koumassi, Treichville, and Yopougon) which house the largest inter-urban transport companies. In the observation of these signs, aerosol bombs were used to get insects out. They were taken and preserved in 50 ml bottles containing alcohol at 70 %. These samples were identified in the binocular magnifying glass using dichotomic keys. A total of 726 bedbugs were captured in different types of places: the passenger benches, the seats of cars, the rest mats, the cracks in the walls of buildings, and the office tables. Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularius were the identified bedbugs specified. They were collected in the bus stations of Abobo, Adjame, and Yopougon, except Koumassi and Treichville. In Yopougon, Adjame, and Abobo respectively, 100; 89.46, and 85.72 % of the stations were infested by these two species. In Abobo, Cimex lectularius was the predominant species (n = 42, or 55.27 %). In Adjame and Yopougon, Cimex hemipterus was the most represented species with 53.4 and 76.2 % respectively. In addition, females and males of both species had a strong preference for passenger benches. The bedbug infestations noticed in coach stations in Abidjan district show a risk that they spread to other cities including outside the borders of the country. It is therefore urgent to take measures to solve that issue before it becomes a real public health problem

    Punaises de Lit : Infestation des Gares Routières à Abidjan et Risque de Dissémination en Côte d'Ivoire

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    La nuisance occasionnĂ©e par l’activitĂ© des punaises de lit n’est plus Ă  dĂ©montrer. Elle reste un problème de santĂ© publique majeur dans plusieurs pays d’AmĂ©rique, d’Asie, d’Europe et d’Afrique. En CĂ´te d’Ivoire, principalement Ă  Abidjan, de plus en plus de cas d’infestations sont signalĂ©es dans divers endroits, notamment dans les gares routières. Ces lieux ont Ă©tĂ© choisis comme cadre gĂ©ographique pour la rĂ©alisation d’une Ă©tude transversale avec pour objectif d’évaluer le niveau d’infestation de ceux-ci par les punaises de lit. La mĂ©thode de collecte a consistĂ© Ă  rechercher les signes de la prĂ©sence des punaises de lit (Ĺ“ufs Ă©clos ou non, nymphes, peaux de mue brunâtres…) dans des gares routières des communes d’Abobo, d’AdjamĂ©, Koumassi, Treichville et Yopougon. Une fois ces signes observĂ©s, des bombes aĂ©rosols ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es pour dĂ©busquer les insectes. Ceux-ci ont par la suite Ă©tĂ© prĂ©levĂ©s puis conservĂ©s dans des piluliers contenant de l’alcool Ă  70%. Les individus collectĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s sous loupe binoculaire Ă  l’aide de clĂ©s dichotomiques. Au total, 726 punaises de lit ont Ă©tĂ© capturĂ©es dans l’ensemble des gares routières visitĂ©es. Cimex hemipterus et Cimex lectularius ont Ă©tĂ© les espèces de punaises de lit identifiĂ©es. Elles ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es dans la plupart des gares routières des communes visitĂ©es, exceptĂ© Koumassi et Treichville. Dans les communes de Yopougon, d’AdjamĂ© et d’Abobo respectivement 100 % ; 89,46 % et 85,72 % des gares routières ont Ă©tĂ© infestĂ©es par ces deux espèces. Ă€ Abobo, Cimex lectularius a Ă©tĂ© l’espèce prĂ©dominante (n = 42, soit 55,27 %). Ă€ AdjamĂ© et Ă  Yopougon, Cimex hemipterus a Ă©tĂ© l’espèce la mieux reprĂ©sentĂ©e avec des proportions respectives de 53 ,4% et 76,2 %. Aussi, les bancs de passagers, les sièges de cars, les lits de repos, les fissures de murs, les nattes de repos et les tables de bureaux ont Ă©tĂ© les gĂ®tes caractĂ©ristiques des punaises de lits dans ces gares. Les femelles et les mâles de Cimex hemipterus et Cimex lectularius avaient une forte prĂ©fĂ©rence pour les bancs de passagers. Les infestations de punaises de lit constatĂ©es au niveau des diffĂ©rentes gares routières traduisent un risque de dispersion vers d’autres villes. Il apparait donc urgent de mettre en place des mesures de lutte et de contrĂ´le avant que la colonisation de ces insectes ne devienne un vĂ©ritable problème de santĂ© publique en CĂ´te d’Ivoire.    The nuisance caused by the activity of bed bugs is no longer in question. It remains a major public health problem in several countries of America, Asia, Europe and Africa. In CĂ´te d'Ivoire, mainly in Abidjan, more and more cases of infestations are reported in various places, especially in bus stations. These places were chosen as the geographical setting for a cross-sectional study with the objective of assessing the level of infestation of these places by bed bugs. The collection method consisted of looking for signs of the presence of bed bugs (hatched or unhatched eggs, nymphs, brownish molting skin, etc.) in bus stations in the communes of Abobo, AdjamĂ©, Koumassi, Treichville and Yopougon. Once these signs were observed, aerosol cans were used to flush out the insects. The insects were then collected and preserved in pillboxes containing 70% alcohol. The individuals collected were identified under binocular magnifying glass using dichotomous keys. A total of 726 bed bugs were captured in all the bus stations visited. Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularius were the bed bug species identified. They were collected in most of the bus stations in the communes visited, except for Koumassi and Treichville. In the communes of Yopougon, AdjamĂ© and Abobo, respectively 100%, 89.46% and 85.72% of the bus stations were infested by these two species. In Abobo, Cimex lectularius was the predominant species (n = 42 or 55.27%). In AdjamĂ© and Yopougon, Cimex hemipterus was the best represented species with proportions of 53.4% and 76.2% respectively. Also, passenger benches, bus seats, resting beds, wall cracks, resting mats and office tables were the characteristic sites of bed bugs in these stations. Females and males of Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularius had a strong preference for passenger benches. The infestations of bed bugs observed at the level of the various bus stations indicate a risk of dispersion to other cities. It is therefore urgent to implement control measures before the colonization of these insects becomes a real public health problem in CĂ´te d'Ivoire.&nbsp

    Punaises de Lit : Infestation des Gares Routières à Abidjan et Risque de Dissémination en Côte d'Ivoire

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    La nuisance occasionnĂ©e par l’activitĂ© des punaises de lit n’est plus Ă  dĂ©montrer. Elle reste un problème de santĂ© publique majeur dans plusieurs pays d’AmĂ©rique, d’Asie, d’Europe et d’Afrique. En CĂ´te d’Ivoire, principalement Ă  Abidjan, de plus en plus de cas d’infestations sont signalĂ©es dans divers endroits, notamment dans les gares routières. Ces lieux ont Ă©tĂ© choisis comme cadre gĂ©ographique pour la rĂ©alisation d’une Ă©tude transversale avec pour objectif d’évaluer le niveau d’infestation de ceux-ci par les punaises de lit. La mĂ©thode de collecte a consistĂ© Ă  rechercher les signes de la prĂ©sence des punaises de lit (Ĺ“ufs Ă©clos ou non, nymphes, peaux de mue brunâtres…) dans des gares routières des communes d’Abobo, d’AdjamĂ©, Koumassi, Treichville et Yopougon. Une fois ces signes observĂ©s, des bombes aĂ©rosols ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es pour dĂ©busquer les insectes. Ceux-ci ont par la suite Ă©tĂ© prĂ©levĂ©s puis conservĂ©s dans des piluliers contenant de l’alcool Ă  70%. Les individus collectĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s sous loupe binoculaire Ă  l’aide de clĂ©s dichotomiques. Au total, 726 punaises de lit ont Ă©tĂ© capturĂ©es dans l’ensemble des gares routières visitĂ©es. Cimex hemipterus et Cimex lectularius ont Ă©tĂ© les espèces de punaises de lit identifiĂ©es. Elles ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es dans la plupart des gares routières des communes visitĂ©es, exceptĂ© Koumassi et Treichville. Dans les communes de Yopougon, d’AdjamĂ© et d’Abobo respectivement 100 % ; 89,46 % et 85,72 % des gares routières ont Ă©tĂ© infestĂ©es par ces deux espèces. Ă€ Abobo, Cimex lectularius a Ă©tĂ© l’espèce prĂ©dominante (n = 42, soit 55,27 %). Ă€ AdjamĂ© et Ă  Yopougon, Cimex hemipterus a Ă©tĂ© l’espèce la mieux reprĂ©sentĂ©e avec des proportions respectives de 53 ,4% et 76,2 %. Aussi, les bancs de passagers, les sièges de cars, les lits de repos, les fissures de murs, les nattes de repos et les tables de bureaux ont Ă©tĂ© les gĂ®tes caractĂ©ristiques des punaises de lits dans ces gares. Les femelles et les mâles de Cimex hemipterus et Cimex lectularius avaient une forte prĂ©fĂ©rence pour les bancs de passagers. Les infestations de punaises de lit constatĂ©es au niveau des diffĂ©rentes gares routières traduisent un risque de dispersion vers d’autres villes. Il apparait donc urgent de mettre en place des mesures de lutte et de contrĂ´le avant que la colonisation de ces insectes ne devienne un vĂ©ritable problème de santĂ© publique en CĂ´te d’Ivoire.    The nuisance caused by the activity of bed bugs is no longer in question. It remains a major public health problem in several countries of America, Asia, Europe and Africa. In CĂ´te d'Ivoire, mainly in Abidjan, more and more cases of infestations are reported in various places, especially in bus stations. These places were chosen as the geographical setting for a cross-sectional study with the objective of assessing the level of infestation of these places by bed bugs. The collection method consisted of looking for signs of the presence of bed bugs (hatched or unhatched eggs, nymphs, brownish molting skin, etc.) in bus stations in the communes of Abobo, AdjamĂ©, Koumassi, Treichville and Yopougon. Once these signs were observed, aerosol cans were used to flush out the insects. The insects were then collected and preserved in pillboxes containing 70% alcohol. The individuals collected were identified under binocular magnifying glass using dichotomous keys. A total of 726 bed bugs were captured in all the bus stations visited. Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularius were the bed bug species identified. They were collected in most of the bus stations in the communes visited, except for Koumassi and Treichville. In the communes of Yopougon, AdjamĂ© and Abobo, respectively 100%, 89.46% and 85.72% of the bus stations were infested by these two species. In Abobo, Cimex lectularius was the predominant species (n = 42 or 55.27%). In AdjamĂ© and Yopougon, Cimex hemipterus was the best represented species with proportions of 53.4% and 76.2% respectively. Also, passenger benches, bus seats, resting beds, wall cracks, resting mats and office tables were the characteristic sites of bed bugs in these stations. Females and males of Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularius had a strong preference for passenger benches. The infestations of bed bugs observed at the level of the various bus stations indicate a risk of dispersion to other cities. It is therefore urgent to implement control measures before the colonization of these insects becomes a real public health problem in CĂ´te d'Ivoire.&nbsp

    Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of some hybrid Benzimidazolyl-chalcone derivatives

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    Purpose: To synthesize hybrid benzimidazolyl-chalcone derivatives, evaluate their anthelmintic activity, and establish some structural elements which could lead to induction and enhancement of this activity. Methods: A series of 1-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-3-aryl-2-propen-1-one compounds (6a-z) was synthesized by condensation reaction of 2-acetylbenzimidazole with aryl and heteroaryl aldehyde derivatives. The physicochemical characterization of these benzimidazolyl-chalcones was carried out by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS). All compounds were screened in vitro for their nematicidal activity against Haemonchus contortus in larval development assay. The anthelmintic activities obtained were compared with those of anthelmintic reference drugs (fenbendazole and ivermectin); 1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one also used as reference for chalcone. Results: Compounds 6a, 6g, 6w and 6y showed good nematicidal activity (LC100) at 0.002 and 0.0092 ÎĽg/ml. The activity of these four benzimidazolyl-chalcones is nearly equal to that of fenbendazole. It is also interesting to know that these compounds have anti-haemonchus activity which is equal or more efficient than ivermectin. Four other compounds (6d, 6h, 6o and 6t) possess interesting anthelmintic activities at 0.68 and 0.16 ÎĽg/ml. Conclusion: Preliminary structure-activity relationship studies revealed that arylpropenone group in position 2 of the benzimidazole ring can be considered as new pharmacophore for nematicidal activity

    Antimalarial Drugs with Quinoline Nucleus and Analogs

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    Quinoline core antimalarials are a major class used for the management of uncomplicated malaria in combination with artemisinin derivatives. Moreover, despite its adverse effects, Quinine remains the reference molecule in the treatment of cerebral malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum. This class also contains molecules such as Mefloquine used in the prevention of malaria. In addition, synthetic derivatives are more manageable with greater therapeutic margins and fewer adverse effects. They have an interest in avoiding the spread of resistance, especially with derivatives possessing gametocytocidal activities. With the presence of a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium, the use of synthetic derivatives as monotherapy is prohibited to avoid the spread of resistance in this class. In this chapter, we propose to present the class of antimalarials with a quinoline nucleus under its pharmacochemical aspects as well as the prospects for its development to preserve and improve the effectiveness of its representatives in the management of malaria

    Synthesis and antimalarial activity of new 1,12-bis(N,N'-acetamidinyl)dodecane derivatives.

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    Amidoxime and O-substituted derivatives of the bis-alkylamidine 1,12-bis(N,N'-acetamidinyl)dodecane were synthesized and evaluated as in vitro and in vivo antimalarial prodrugs. The bis-O-methylsulfonylamidoxime 8 and the bis-oxadiazolone 9 derivatives show relatively potent antimalarial activity after oral administration
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