Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst extracts

The methanol and aqueous extracts of Piliostigma reticulatum barks were investigated for its antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The antioxidant test using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method demonstrated important radical scavenging activity for the methanol extract with IC50 = 0,37 ± 0,04 μgmL-1. The 2 extracts were then examined for antibacterial activity by using the broth micro dilution method. The extracts possessed the antibacterial effect against the almost germs tested; the aqueous extract exhibited a better activity than methanol extract. These results indicate that methanol and aqueous extracts of P. reticulatum could be used as a source of antioxidant and antibacterial ingredients in the food industry.Keywords: Piliostigma reticulatum, Ceasalpiniaceae, bark extracts, antioxidant, antibacterialAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(33), pp. 5407-5411, 16 August, 201

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of meningococcal carriage and disease isolates in Burkina Faso after mass vaccination with a serogroup a conjugate vaccine

BACKGROUND: The conjugate vaccine against serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis (NmA), MenAfriVac, was first introduced in mass vaccination campaigns of the 1-29-year-olds in Burkina Faso in 2010. The aim of this study was to genetically characterize meningococcal isolates circulating in Burkina Faso before and up to 13 months after MenAfriVac mass vaccination. METHODS: A total of 1,659 meningococcal carriage isolates were collected in a repeated cross-sectional carriage study of the 1-29-year-olds in three districts of Burkina Faso in 2010 and 2011, before and up to 13 months after mass vaccination. Forty-two invasive isolates were collected through the national surveillance in Burkina Faso in the same period. All the invasive isolates and 817 carriage isolates were characterized by serogroup, multilocus sequence typing and porA-fetA sequencing. RESULTS: Seven serogroup A isolates were identified, six in 2010, before vaccination (4 from carriers and 2 from patients), and one in 2011 from an unvaccinated patient; all were assigned to sequence type (ST)-2859 of the ST-5 clonal complex. No NmA carriage isolate and no ST-2859 isolate with another capsule were identified after vaccination. Serogroup X carriage and disease prevalence increased before vaccine introduction, due to the expansion of ST-181, which comprised 48.5% of all the characterized carriage isolates. The hypervirulent serogroup W ST-11 clone that was responsible for most of meningococcal disease in 2011 and 2012 was not observed in 2010; it appeared during the epidemic season of 2011, when it represented 40.6% of the serogroup W carriage isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Successive clonal waves of ST-181 and ST-11 may explain the changing epidemiology in Burkina Faso after the virtual disappearance of NmA disease and carriage. No ST-2859 strain of any serogroup was found after vaccination, suggesting that capsule switching of ST-2859 did not occur, at least not during the first 13 months after vaccination

Dynamics of germs responsible for acute bacterial meningitis in Burkina Faso in the last ten years (2005-2014)

The aim of this study was to analyze ten (10) years of epidemiological surveillance data of meningitis in Burkina Faso for high risk germs patterns identification in order to contribute to the strengthening of prevention strategies.A retrospective study of the past decade (2005- 2014) of cases of acute bacterial meningitis occurred in the thirteen health regions, collected through epidemiological surveillance data meningitis in Burkina Faso. From a total of 88 057 suspected cases of acute bacterial meningitis, we recorded 9134 deaths. From the laboratory confirmed cases, the identified germs were as follows: 56.79% of Neisseria meningitidis, 41.09% of Streptococcus pneumoniae and 2.13% of Haemophilus influenzae. Among the meningococcus isolated, we observed the following distribution: 23.11% of NmA, 58.84% of NmW and 18% of NmX.Mortality associated with acute bacterial meningitis remains still high in Burkina Faso despite the complete disappearance of NmA since 2012, after the conjugate vaccine A (MenAfriVac) has been introduced in this country. However the emergence of NmX, the reemergence of NmW and the persistence of high prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae are a major concern in the fight against meningitis in Burkina Faso. So, it is necessary, in addition to the strengthening of surveillance, diagnosis and case management to develop and make available and accessible a conjugate trivalent vaccine against NmA the NmX and NmW serogroups.Keywords: meningococcal meningitis, W and X serogroups, Streptococcus pneumoniae, MenAfriVa

Nationwide Trends in Bacterial Meningitis before the Introduction of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine-Burkina Faso, 2011-2013.

BACKGROUND: Following introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in 2006 and serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine in 2010, Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) became the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in Burkina Faso. We describe bacterial meningitis epidemiology, focusing on pneumococcal meningitis, before 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) introduction in the pediatric routine immunization program in October 2013. METHODS: Nationwide population-based meningitis surveillance collects case-level demographic and clinical information and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) laboratory results. Sp infections are confirmed by culture, real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR), or latex agglutination, and CSF serotyped using real-time and conventional PCR. We calculated incidence rates in cases per 100,000 persons, adjusting for age and proportion of cases with CSF tested at national reference laboratories, and case fatality ratios (CFR). RESULTS: During 2011-2013, 1,528 pneumococcal meningitis cases were reported. Average annual adjusted incidence rates were 26.9 (<1 year), 5.4 (1-4 years), 7.2 (5-14 years), and 3.0 (≥15 years). Overall CFR was 23% and highest among children aged <1 year (32%) and adults ≥30 years (30%). Of 1,528 cases, 1,036 (68%) were serotyped: 71% were PCV13-associated serotypes, 14% were non-PCV13-associated serotypes, and 15% were non-typeable by PCR. Serotypes 1 (45%) and 12F/12A/12B/44/46 (8%) were most common. Among children aged <1 year, serotypes 5 (15%), 6A/6B (13%) and 1 (12%) predominated. CONCLUSIONS: In Burkina Faso, the highest morbidity and mortality due to pneumococcal meningitis occurred among children aged <1 year. The majority of cases were due to PCV13-associated serotypes; introduction of PCV13 should substantially decrease this burden

Development of an in vitro endotoxin test for monoolein-water liquid crystalline gel for use as an implant

SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Santé des adolescents et des jeunes au Burkina Faso : état des lieux et priorités

La population des adolescents et jeunes au Burkina Faso (tranche d’âge des 10 à 24 ans) représente 43,6 % et suscite un intérêt particulier pour le Ministère de la Santé. Pour ce faire, il y a la nécessité de regarder leurs besoins afin de leur offrir des soins adaptés. La présente étude avait pour objectif de faire le point de l’état de santé des adolescents et des jeunes et d’en dégager des priorités. Il s‘est agi d’une étude évaluative ayant utilisé une revue documentaire associée à une interview des acteurs clés et un atelier de validation et d’identification des interventions pertinentes pour un plan stratégique national. La situation de la santé des adolescents et des jeunes est caractérisée par des grossesses précoces et non désirées, des avortements provoqués clandestins, des rapports sexuels précoces, non protégés, souvent avec plusieurs partenaires, une prévalence élevée du VIH/Sida et des infections sexuellement transmissibles (IST), les traumatismes, les problèmes de santé mentale et les violences diverses. Le phénomène est aggravé par la faible utilisation des méthodes contraceptives et des services de santé par les jeunes. Mal documentée, la situation relative à la consommation d’alcool, de drogue et de tabac, substances hautement nuisibles pour la santé, reste préoccupante. Il est ressorti également l’insuffisance d’infrastructures et d’équipements pour les loisirs ainsi qu’un faible accompagnement technique des activités en faveur des adolescents et des jeunes. Le constat général est que l’offre de services s’est améliorée malgré l’insuffisance de la sensibilisation, notamment auprès des jeunes non scolarisés, de même que les disparités entre les zones urbaines et rurales pour l’accès à l’information et aux services. Le plan stratégique de santé des jeunes (PSSAJ) constitue un cadre de référence essentiel dont l’importance a été soulignée par tous les informateurs. La diffusion et l’appropriation prévues pour sa mise en oeuvre n’ont pas été effectives comme la mise à disposition en temps réel faute de ressources financières, matérielles et humaines. Aussi, il est nécessaire de mettre en place un cadre de concertation associant toutes les parties prenantes pour l’élaboration du document. En outre, l’importance d’un dispositif de coordination et de suivi-évaluation des interventions multisectorielles a été relevée comme une condition essentielle pour atteindre les objectifs du plan stratégique de la santé des adolescents et jeunes. La santé des adolescents et jeunes reste marquée par la nécessité de l’affirmation d’une gouvernance orientée sur leurs spécificités. Par ailleurs, la double protection est apparue comme une solution idoine, à défaut de l’abstinence, face aux causes majeures tridimensionnelles de leurs problèmes (grossesses, avortements et IST/sida). Une approche systémique prenant en compte des interventions multisectorielles reste essentielle pour la prise en compte des problèmes de santé des adolescents et jeunes.Mots-clés : équité, adolescents et jeunes, système de santé, Afrique, accès aux soins