L’autre noblesse. L’hidalguía universelle au Pays Basque à la fin du Moyen Âge

[FR] À la fin du Moyen-Âge, la cordillère cantabrique abritait la plus grande concentration de population noble de la Couronne de Castille, et l’une des plus dense d‘Europe au demeurant. La présente étude, consacrée aux hidalgos du Pays Basque, voudrait expliquer pourquoi, dans quel contexte et de quelle manière l’hidalguía s’est généralisée parmi les habitants de ces territoires à partir de la fin du XIIe siècle. À l’aide de sources juridiques et municipales, l’extension de l’hidalguía est ainsi analysée par rapport à l’évolution des obligations militaires, de l’organisation politique et des exemptions fiscales, en liaison avec les conflits sociaux de la fin du Moyen-Âge et l’émergence de la notion de pureté du sang.[EN] From the late Middle Ages onwards, on the Northern (Cantabrian) coast of Spain was to be found one of the principle concentrations of nobility in the Kingdom of Castile, and indeed one of the most significant in the whole of Europe. In this article, we focus on the lesser nobility - the hidalgos - of the Basque Country, and seek to explain how hidalgo status came to be generalised among the population of these territories from the late twelfth century onwards. Employing both lawsuits and municipal texts as our source material, the spreading of hidalgo status is analysed in relation to military obligations, political organisation, fiscal exemption, late medieval social conflict, and the idea of purity of blood

L’autre noblesse. L’hidalguía universelle au Pays Basque à la fin du Moyen Âge

[FR] À la fin du Moyen-Âge, la cordillère cantabrique abritait la plus grande concentration de population noble de la Couronne de Castille, et l’une des plus dense d‘Europe au demeurant. La présente étude, consacrée aux hidalgos du Pays Basque, voudrait expliquer pourquoi, dans quel contexte et de quelle manière l’hidalguía s’est généralisée parmi les habitants de ces territoires à partir de la fin du XIIe siècle. À l’aide de sources juridiques et municipales, l’extension de l’hidalguía est ainsi analysée par rapport à l’évolution des obligations militaires, de l’organisation politique et des exemptions fiscales, en liaison avec les conflits sociaux de la fin du Moyen-Âge et l’émergence de la notion de pureté du sang.[EN] From the late Middle Ages onwards, on the Northern (Cantabrian) coast of Spain was to be found one of the principle concentrations of nobility in the Kingdom of Castile, and indeed one of the most significant in the whole of Europe. In this article, we focus on the lesser nobility - the hidalgos - of the Basque Country, and seek to explain how hidalgo status came to be generalised among the population of these territories from the late twelfth century onwards. Employing both lawsuits and municipal texts as our source material, the spreading of hidalgo status is analysed in relation to military obligations, political organisation, fiscal exemption, late medieval social conflict, and the idea of purity of blood

El fotógrafo, frente a la cámara y de cerca : notas sobre el Conde del Valle (Bergara, 1863-San Sebastián-Donostia, 1953)

El fondo fotográfico del Conde del Valle recoge los recuerdos gráficos de dos generaciones de Condes, 1816-1953, que abarcan el nacimiento de la Fotografía, su puesta de largo y las imágenes de posguerra

Nationalism and nostalgia:The case of radical Basque nationalism

This article argues that the myth of the Golden Age is a key mobilising element within radical Basque nationalism. By using an ethno-symbolist approach, this article argues that nostalgia, a catchword for looking back, usually relates to an idealised past. It then proceeds to explain how ETA in particular has domesticated the past to justify its political violence which is currently exalted as a means of honouring the fighting spirit of their ancestors. From this perspective, violence is presented as a redemptive act that can stop the decay of the Basque nation and bring a new political future in which the inspiring ancient virtues will be rediscovered. This nostalgic gaze upon the past continually 'reminds' radical Basque nationalists of an imaginary, yet familiar, past which can only be regained by using revolutionary violence.</p

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P &lt; 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)