Geometric analysis of medio.lateral position of patella: A new measuring tool

Background: Evaluation of medio.lateral position of patella is necessary for diagnosis and treatment of patellofemoral diseases.Objective: In the present study, we aimed to evaluate medio-lateral  patellar position differences and to define a new practical measuring tool which enables us to analyze relationships of the points at the knee.Materials and Methods: Total of 120 healthy volunteers (60 men and 60 women) were included in our study and both of their knees were measured. In the research, the gender groups and right-left differences were  evaluated. In the measurements, a four-lever measuring tool designed for this study was used. The four anatomic points of the knee which are center of patella, epicondylus lateralis, epicondylus medialis and middle point of tuberositas tibiae were used.Results: While patella is 76% lateral in the right knee, it is 90% lateral in the left knee in men. As for woman, while it is 50% lateral in the right.knee, it is 30% lateral in the left-knee. In medio.lateral patellar position, while bilateral asymmetry is 28% in men, it is 50% in women. In measurements of knees of women and men, significant differences were detected both in the right and left knees (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001).Conclusion: The patellofemoral order differences between men and women can explain anatomic reasons of patellofemoral diseases, which are encountered more in women than men.Key words: Anatomy, patella, patellofemoral order, tuberositas tibia

Effect of increasing maximal aerobic exercise on serum gonadal hormones and alpha-fetoprotein in the luteal phase of professional female soccer players

[Purpose] The performance of female athletes during their menstrual period has attracted the attention of researchers for many years. It is known that the menstrual period changes with exercise. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an oncofetal protein. In this study, the effect of maximal aerobic exercise in the luteal phase on some hormones and AFP in female athletes was researched. [Subjects and Methods] Twelve volunteers and healthy female footballers with normal menstrual cycles volunteered for this study as subjects. All the participants performed a shuttle run test. Blood samples were taken before, after, and one hour after exercise. Serum AFP, estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) values were measured using an auto analyzer and original kits. Heart rate measurements were performed before and after the exercise. [Results] AFP activity had significantly decreased after 1 h of recovery from the exercise in the female soccer players, and estrogen and LH activity had significantly increased immediately after the exercise. Progesterone activity had significantly decreased immediately after the exercise. FSH values had significantly increased immediately after the exercise. [Conclusion] The results of the present study show there were significant decreases in the values of AFP, which is a cancer parameter, 1 hour after the exercise. This result may be valuable in future physiotherapy studies on the relationship between exercise and cancer

Denizli Çal yöresinde yetişen bazı üzüm çeşitlerinin farklı olgunlaşma evreleri ve kurytulması sonrası bazı özellikleri ile resveratrol içeriğininbelirlenmesi

Üzümlerin olgunlaşması, bitkideki hormonların etkin rol aldığı fizyolojik ve kimyasal değişimlerin meydana geldiği karmaşık süreçlerdir. Bu çalışmada, Denizli bölgesinde yetişen dört farklı üzüm çeşidinin (Sultani çekirdeksiz, Yuvarlak çekirdeksiz, Çalkarası ve Şiraz) dört ayrı olgunluk evresinde (koruk, ben düşme, olgunluk ve aşırı olgunluk) ve olgun üzümlerin kurutulması sonucu fiziksel (200 tane ağırlığı) ve kimyasal (pH, suda çözünen kuru madde, titrasyon asitliği, toplam fenolik madde, şeker, organik asit ve trans-resveratrol içeriği) özelliklerinde meydana gelen değişimler araştırılmıştır. SÇKM içeriği refraktometrik, titrasyon asitliği titrimetrik ve toplam fenolik madde içeriği spektrofotometrik yöntemle belirlenmiştir. Üzüm çeşitlerinin olgunlaşma süresince ve kurutulması ile içeriğindeki şeker, organik asit ve trans-resveratrol konsantrasyonlarında meydana gelen değişimler Yüksek Performans Sıvı Kromatografisi (HPLC-RI ve HPLC-DAD) kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Tüm üzüm çeşitlerinde olgunlaşmayla birlikte suda çözünür kuru madde ve pH değerlerinde belirgin bir artışın meydana geldiği belirlenmiştir. SÇKM bakımından tüm üzüm çeşitleri içinde Sultani çekirdeksiz üzüm örnekleri aşırı olgunluk evresinde en yüksek değere (% 27.12) ulaşmıştır. Diğer taraftan, olgunlaşma süresince titrasyon asitliğinde belirgin bir azalma olduğu saptanmış olup koruk evresiyle aşırı olgunluk evresi baz alındığında kırmızı üzüm çeşitleri 25.8±0.14 g/L’den 4.6±0.06 g/L’ye düşerken beyaz üzüm çeşitleri 35.8±0.04 g/L’den 3.7±0.01 g/L’ye düşmüştür. Üzüm çeşitlerinde bulunan şekerler içinde en baskın olanlar glukoz ve fruktozdur. Beklendiği gibi, glukoz ve fruktoz konsantrasyonlarında olgunlaşma süresince önemli artışlar olmuştur. Üzüm örneklerinin farklı olgunlaşma evrelerinde glukoz konsantrasyonları kırmızı ve beyaz çeşitler için sırasıyla 4.50±0.01 - 117.23±0.09 g/L ve 4.67±0.01 g/L - 119.72±0.07 g/L arasında değişmiştir. Tüm üzüm örneklerindeki başlıca organik asitlerin tartarik ve malik asitler oluşturmaktadır. Tartarik ve malik asit konsantrasyonlarında olgunlaşmayla birlikte önemli ölçüde azalma meydana gelmiştir. Üzüm çeşitlerindeki trans-resveratrol konsantrasyonunun olgunlaşmaya bağlı olarak azalan bir trend gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Buna ilaveten kırmızı üzüm çeşitlerinin beyaz üzüm çeşitlerine göre daha yüksek trans-resveratrol içeriğine sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Grape berry ripening are complex processes coordinated by the interaction of plant hormones which play a crucial role in the regulation of physiological and chemical changes. In this study, changes in physical (weight) and chemical (pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, total phenolics, organic acids, sugars and trans-resveratrol content) properties during at four different ripening stages (Lag phase, Veraison, Maturity and Late Harvest) and drying of ripe grapes grown in Denizli region were investigated for 4 varieties: Sultana, Round Seedless, Çalkarası and Syrah. Total soluble solids were designated by refractometry. Total phenolic content analysis was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method. The concentration of sugars, organic acids and trans-resveratrol during berry ripening in four varieties were carried out using the high performance liquid chromatography-refractive index and diode array detector (HPLC-RI and HPLC-DAD). Significant increase for total soluble solids and pH degree existed in all grape varieties in relation to maturity stages. Sultana grape has the highest amount of brix (27.12 %) at the late harvest stage in the analyzed grapes. On the other hand, titratable acidity (TA) decreased considerably during ripening, varying from 25.8±0.14 g/L to 4.6±0.06 g/L for red grape varieties, from 35.8±0.04 g/L to 3.7±0.01 g/L for white grape varieties, considering green and over mature grapes, respectively. Glucose and fructose were the predominant sugars grape berries. As expected, the concentrations of glucose and fructose increased during ripening. Glucose concentrations in red and white grapes at different ripening stages ranged from 4.50±0.01 g/L to 117.23±0.09 g/L and from 4.67±0.01 g/L to 119.72±0.07 g/L, respectively. The major organic acids accounting for total acids in all grape berries were found tartaric and malic acid. Tartaric and malic acid content of all varieties decreased gradually throughout the maturation period, inversely to sugar content. Analysis of trans-resveratrol evidenced a decreasing trend for all varieties from the lag phase stage to the late harvest stage. Besides, this analysis demonstrated significant differences in contents of trans-resveratrol between red and white grapes

Comparative study of sugars, organic acids and trans-resveratrol in red and white grapes grown in Denizli region, Turkey

Grape berry ripening includes a broad range of physical and biochemical processes. In this study, compare the changes in organic acid, sugar and trans-resveratrol content during at four different ripening stages (lag phase, veraison, maturity and late harvest) between red (Çalkarasi and Shiraz) and white (Sultana and Round Seedless) grapes grown in Denizli region were investigated. Analysis was carried out using the high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Glucose and fructose content was increased between lag phase stages and late harvest stages. Tartaric and malic acid content of all cultivars decreased throughout the maturation period. A continuous decrease in trans-resveratrol content in all varieties was observed during ripening. © 2015, Chemical Publishing Co. All rights reserved

2. Incidence of the Os incae (Interparietal bone) in middle and south anatolian adult skulls.

Introduction: The occipital bone is the one of the singular bones of the cranium and it forms much of the base and posterior aspect of the skull. The occipital bone is saucer-shaped and can be divided into four parts: a squamous part (squama), a basilar part (basioccipital part), and two lateral parts (condylar parts).Sometimes the pars interparietale can remain as a separate bone from the pars supraoccipitale by a transverse suture and then it is called osincaeor osinterparietale. Aim of this study is to determine inca bones presence, incidence and sex characteristic morphologies in the middle and south Anatolian population. Material and Method: Seventy-seven adult skulls (52 male, 25 female) without any sign of trauma or primer cranial surgery were studied which are belong to the laboratories of the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letter of the Cumhuriyet University. The presence and types of inca bones were determined macroscopically by observation. Kadanoff&Mutafov's method was used as a method of typing. Results: The incidence of osincae in this study was 5.19% in totally, 8% in female and 3.85% in male, respectively. Conclusion: This study may be useful for clinicians when they need to inform about population’s cranial variations which they working with