Hydrogen Transport and the Spatial Requirements of Renewable Energy

Unlike oil and coal, which are compressed forms of energy, renewable energy requires unusually large land areas. This article calculates the consequences of a switch to hydrogen-cell vehicles powered by electricity from wind turbines. It then re-does the calculation for three other green energy sources : wave power ; biofuels ; solar energy. We argue that policy-makers and social scientists need to understand the significant spatial demands of a move to a carbon-free society.Renewable energy ; wind power ; land use ; energy efficiency ; wind turbines ; transport ; environmental ; solar ; biomass ; wave

Plastid redox state and sugars: Interactive regulators of nuclear-encoded photosynthetic gene expression

Feedback regulation of photosynthesis by carbon metabolites has long been recognized, but the underlying cellular mechanisms that control this process remain unclear. By using an Arabidopsis cell culture, we show that a block in photosynthetic electron flux prevents the increase in transcript levels of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein and the small subunit of Rubisco that typically occurs when intracellular sugar levels are depleted. In contrast, the expression of the nitrate reductase gene, which is induced by sugars, is not affected. These findings were confirmed in planta by using Arabidopsis carrying the firefly luciferase reporter gene fused to the plastocyanin and chlorophyll a/b-binding protein 2 gene promoters. Transcription from both promoters increases on carbohydrate depletion. Blocking photosynthetic electron transport with 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1'-dimethylurea prevents this increase in transcription. We conclude that plastid-derived redox signaling can override the sugar-regulated expression of nuclear-encoded photosynthetic genes. In the sugar-response mutant, sucrose uncoupled 6 (sun6), plastocyanin-firefly luciferase transcription actually increases in response to exogenous sucrose rather than decreasing as in the wild type. Interestingly, plastid-derived redox signals do not influence this defective pattern of sugar-regulated gene expression in the sun6 mutant. A model, which invokes a positive inducer originating from the photosynthetic electron transport chain, is proposed to explain the nature of the plastid-derived signal

Biomass estimations of invasives Yaupon, Chinese Privet and Chinese Tallow in east Texas Hardwood and Pine Ecosystems

Forest understory fuels can have profound effects on fire behavior and crown fire initiation. Accurate fire behavior prediction in understory fuels is an essential component for estimating fire intensity and severity during wildfire and prescribed fire events. This study focused on estimating temporal and seasonal changes in fuel loading parameters associated with the expansion of invasive yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), and Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) in East Texas pine and hardwood ecosystems. Fuel loading data of invasive species infested sites indicated significant increases in understory biomass when compared to 1988 estimates, suggesting a clear need to revise regional fuel models. Multiple and simple regression biomass prediction equations were developed for all three-invasive species to facilitate fuel load estimates. These improved prediction equations will enhance fire management efforts as well as invasive species mitigation efforts in east Texas

Hydrogen transport and the spatial requirements of renewable energy

Unlike oil and coal, which are compressed forms of energy, renewable energy requires unusually large land areas. This article calculates the consequences of a switch to hydrogen-cell vehicles powered by electricity from wind turbines. It then re-does the calculation for three other green energy sources : wave power ; biofuels ; solar energy. We argue that policy-makers and social scientists need to understand the significant spatial demands of a move to a carbon-free society

Photoelectron Yield and Photon Reflectivity from Candidate LHC Vacuum Chamber Materials with Implications to the Vacuum Chamber Design

Studies of the photoelectron yield and photon reflectivity at grazing incidence (11 mrad) from candidate LHC vacuum chamber materials have been made on a dedicated beam line on the Electron Positron A ccumulator (EPA) ring at CERN. These measurements provide realistic input toward a better understanding of the electron cloud phenomena expected in the LHC. The measurements were made using synchrotro n radiation with critical photon energies of 194 eV and 45 eV; the latter corresponding to that of the LHC at the design energy of 7 TeV. The test materials are mainly copper, either, i) coated by co- lamination or by electroplating onto stainless steel, or ii) bulk copper prepared by special machining. The key parameters explored were the effect of surface roughness on the reflectivity and the pho toelectron yield at grazing photon incidence, and the effect of magnetic field direction on the yields measured at normal photon incidence. The implications of the results on the electron cloud phenom ena, and thus the LHC vacuum chamber design, is discussed

Electron-spectroscopic investigation of metal-insulator transition in Sr2Ru1-xTixO4 (x=0.0-0.6)

We investigate the nature and origin of the metal-insulator transition in Sr2Ru1-xTixO4 as a function of increasing Ti content (x). Employing detailed core, valence, and conduction band studies with x-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies along with Bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy, it is shown that a hard gap opens up for Ti content greater than equal to 0.2, while compositions with x<0.2 exhibit finite intensity at the Fermi energy. This establishes that the metal-insulator transition in this homovalent substituted series of compounds is driven by Coulomb interaction leading to the formation of a Mott gap, in contrast to transitions driven by disorder effects or band flling.Comment: Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Lehmann rotation of cholesteric droplets driven by Marangoni convection

We show experimentally and theoretically that the Lehmann effect recently observed by Yoshioka and Araoka (Nat. Commun., 2018, 9, 432) in emulsified cholesteric liquid crystal droplets under temperature gradients is due to Marangoni flows rather than to the thermomechanical or chemomechanical couplings often invoked to explain the phenomenon. Using colloidal tracers we visualize convection rolls surrounding stationary cholesteric droplets in vertical temperature gradients, while a shift in the position of internal point defects reveals the corresponding inner convection in nematic droplets thermomigrating in a horizontal temperature gradient. We attribute these phenomena to the temperature dependence of the surface tension at the interface between these partially-miscible liquids, and justify their absence in the usual case of purely lyophobic emulsions. We perform a theoretical analysis to help validate this hypothesis, demonstrating the strong dependence of the precession velocity on the configuration of the cholesteric director field

Continuous Rotation of Achiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Droplets Driven by Heat Flux

Suspended droplets of cholesteric (chiral nematic) liquid crystals spontaneously rotate in the presence of a heat flux due to a temperature gradient, a phenomenon known as the Lehmann effect. So far, it is not clear whether this effect is due to the chirality of the phase and the molecules or only to the chirality of the director field. Here, we report the continuous rotation in a temperature gradient of nematic droplets of a lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal featuring a twisted bipolar configuration. The achiral nature of the molecular components leads to a random handedness of the spontaneous twist, resulting in the coexistence of droplets rotating in the two senses, with speeds proportional to the temperature gradient and inversely proportional to the droplet radius. This result shows that a macroscopic twist of the director field is sufficient to induce a rotation of the droplets, and that the phase and the molecules do not need to be chiral. This suggests that one can also explain the Lehmann rotation in cholesteric liquid crystals without introducing the Leslie thermomechanical coupling¿only present in chiral mesophases. An explanation based on the Akopyan and Zeldovich theory of thermomechanical effects in nematics is proposed and discussed

Chemical Leslie effect in Langmuir monolayers: a complete experimental characterization

We propose a complete characterization of the chemical Leslie effect in a Langmuir monolayer of a chiral liquid crystal. To reach this goal, we developed new experimental techniques using an electric field and a humidifier to prepare large monodomains in which the molecules can freely rotate. We also designed six independent experiments to precisely measure the four material constants involved in the dynamics of the monolayer, namely the Leslie coefficient, the rotational viscosity, the curvature elasticity constant and the surface polarization. The relevance of the inverse Leslie effect is also discussed