Un nuevo Hansenochrus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995 (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) de Venezuela noroccidental

Se describe una nueva especie de Hansenochrus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995, la cual habita en una caverna del Estado Lara en la región noroccidental de Venezuela y es la cuarta especie del mismo conocida para este país. Hansenochrus urbanii sp. nov. representa el primer registro del género para la fauna hipogea venezolana.A new species of Hansenochrus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995 is described from a cave in Lara state, in the northwest region of Venezuela, and is its fourth species known from this country. Hansenochrus urbanii sp. nov. represents the first record of this genus from Venezuelan hypogean fauna

Nuevas especies de Surazomus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995 (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) de Costa Rica

Se describen tres especies nuevas de esquizómidos de Costa Rica que pertenecen al género Surazomus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995: una de la Estación Biológica La Selva, provincia Heredia; las otras dos, de la Estación Biológica Las Cruces, Coto Brus, provincia Puntarenas. Con estos nuevos aportes, se elevan a 16 los miembros del género y a nueve las especies de esquizómidos formalmente descritas de este país centroamericano.Three new species of Costa Rican schizomids belonging to the genus Surazomus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995, are described from Biological Station La Selva, Heredia province, and Biological Station Las Cruces, Coto Brus, Puntarenas province. Those additions raise to 16 the known nominal species of this genus and to nine the schizomid species recognized from Costa Rica

Descripción de Trinella vigirima sp. n. (Opiliones: Agoristenidae) de Venezuela

Una nueva especie de opilión es descrita para el Parque Nacional San Esteban, en la Cordillera de la Costa, Venezuela. T. vigirima puede ser distinguida de las restantes especies del género por la presencia de una mancha dorsal elipsoidal de color pardo negruzco con bordes irregulares, ocupando parcialmente las áreas II y III, siendo más ancha que larga, con los extremos laterales puntiagudos

Un nuevo Hansenochrus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995 (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) de Venezuela noroccidental

Se describe una nueva especie de Hansenochrus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995, la cual habita en una caverna del Estado Lara en la región noroccidental de Venezuela y es la cuarta especie del mismo conocida para este país. Hansenochrus urbanii sp. nov. representa el primer registro del género para la fauna hipogea venezolana

On Venezuelan pholcid spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae)

We present a comprehensive revision of the pholcid spider collection of M.A. González-Sponga, who between 1998 and 2011 described 22 new genera and 51 new species of Pholcidae from Venezuela. In addition, we treat the pholcid material collected during three expeditions to Venezuela conducted between 2002 and 2020. Of González-Sponga’s pholcid taxa we recognize three genera and 24 species as valid. We describe 43 new species (all from males and females) in one new and 13 previously described genera; four genera are newly recorded for Venezuela. We describe the previously unknown females of 15 species, present new records for 46 previously described species, synonymize one genus and one species, and correct numerous minor errors in previous publications on Venezuelan pholcids. At the generic level, the Venezuelan pholcid fauna now appears fairly well known, but available data on distribution and endemism suggest that many species remain undiscovered and undescribed. Despite the obvious gaps, our data are congruent with previous studies on other taxa that have the highest levels of endemism in the Venezuelan Andes, the Coastal Ranges, and the Guyana Highlands. The Falcón Region in particular shows a complex mosaic of biogeographic relationships with other regions. We provide new biological data on numerous species. We document the first cases of evolutionary microhabitat shifts in the genera Mecolaesthus Simon, 1893 and Priscula Simon, 1893. We document several cases of close congeners sharing localities, usually in slightly to conspicuously different microhabitats, sometimes apparently in identical microhabitats. We document several cases of color polymorphism, mostly intersexual, in Metagonia conica (Simon, 1893) both intersexual and among males. We document further cases of two rare phenomena in Pholcidae: use of specific non-silken structures for retreats (in Pisaboa Huber, 2000) and egg parasitism (in Priscula)

FIGURES 1–7 in Five new species of Protimesius from Brazil (Opiliones: Stygnidae)

FIGURES 1–7. Protimesius foliadereis, sp. nov, male holotype. 1 Dorsal view of body. 2 Lateral view of body. 3–4 Right palpus (3 ectal, 4 mesal view). 5–7 Proximal segments of leg IV (5 dorsal, 6 ventral and 7 lateral view of patella and tibia). Scale bars: 1 mm.Published as part of Villarreal-Manzanilla, Osvaldo & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2006, Five new species of Protimesius from Brazil (Opiliones: Stygnidae), pp. 219-233 in Zootaxa 1325 on page 221, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17406

Protimesius carnaval Villarreal-Manzanilla & Pinto-Da-Rocha, 2006, n. sp.

Protimesius carnaval n. sp. Figs 29 –35, 44– 45 Type­material: Male holotype (MZSP­ 24154), Brazil, Acre, Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor (Rio Moa, Amazonian Rain Forest, 7 ° 39´S, 72 ° 41´W), XI. 1996, R.S. Vieira leg. Paratypes: 1 female (MZSP­ 24154), same data as for holotype; 7 females (MZSP­ 24153), same data as for holotype; 2 females (MZSP­ 19227), Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, 22.XI.– 12.I. 2000; 1 male and 1 female (MNRJ­HS­ 684), Colombia, Amazonas, 6 km N Letícia, 9.VII. 1977, Rowland Shelley leg. Diagnosis: This species is similar to P. longipalpis (Roewer, 1943) based on the presence of an almost smooth and straight male leg IV, but differs from it and other species of the genus by having only 1 dorsal and 1 ventral tubercle apically on male patella IV, and in the armature of leg IV. Etymology: The species name refers to the profane festivities (called “ carnaval ” in Portuguese) that begin on “Three Kings Day” and end close to the Lent. People, dressed up and masked, conduct parades and parties. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition. Description of male (holotype): Measurements: Dorsal scute length 4.5; prosoma length 2.1; dorsal scute width 4.5; prosoma width 3.7; interocular distance 2.5; chelicera: II 3.9; III 1.6; pedipalpus 18; leg I 21.0; II 41.0; III 30.0; IV 40.0. Dorsum (Figs 29–30): Prosoma with 1 low anterior eminence minutely tuberculated; anterior border with 6 tubercles on each side; region between eyes with several granules. Lateral border with several tubercles from ocularia to area I. Areas I and II minutely granular, III with 2 slightly divergent spines. Posterior border and free tergites with 1 row of small granules. Venter: Coxa I with a row of 6–7 medial tubercles, 2 apical tubercles; II with 7–9 medial tubercles, 2–3 posterior tubercles, 3 apical tubercles; III with 4–5 anterior, 9–10 medial, 3 posterior and 2 apical tubercles; IV irregularly tuberculated. Free sternites I–III with 1 row of minute granules, anal operculum irregularly tuberculated. Chelicera: Swollen; II with finger carrying 1 basal tooth and 4 medial teeth; III with 1 rounded basal and 3 medial teeth. Pedipalpus (Figs 31–32): Coxa with 4 ventral tubercles (medial one largest), 1 dorsal meso­basal eminence, 3–4 ecto­basal tubercles. Trochanter with 3 ventral tubercles (basal one largest). Legs (Figs 33–35): Coxa I with 3 dorsal tubercles, II with 1 anterior and 1 posterior tubercles fused with 1 tubercle of coxa IV. Trochantera I–IV dorsally smooth; I and II with 4 ventral tubercles; III with 5 ventral tubercles; IV with 3 ventral tubercles. Femora I and II with 2 ventro­basal tubercles; IV with 1 ventral row of 10–12 retrolateral tubercles on distal third. Patella IV with 3 dorso­distal tubercles; 1 large ventro­prolateral tubercle (Fig. 33). Tibia IV with 2 ventro­distal tubercles. Penis (Figs 44–45): Ventral plate with lateral and distal margin concave, with 3 distal pairs of long curved setae, 1 short intermediary pair and 3 basal pairs of setae. Glans with dorsal process, stylus inflated at apex. Color: Mostly yellowish brown, border of dorsal scute darker, latero­anterior region of prosoma with black reticulation. Patellae I–IV darker. Cheliceral fingers reddish brown. Description of female (paratype, MZSP­ 24153): Measurements: Dorsal scute length 4.3; prosoma length 1.9; dorsal scute width 4.0; prosoma width 3.6; interocular distance 2.5; chelicera: II 3.1; III 1.5; pedipalpus 20.0; leg I 23.2; II 40.0; III 30.3; IV 40.3. Somatic morphology: Similar to male, except for: Prosoma with 5 medio­anterior tubercles (2 of them larger than the rest), small tubercles present between ocularia. With fewer setiferous granules than in males. Area I with 1 tubercle on each side; III with 1 small granule on base of spine. Pedipalpal coxa with 6–7 dorsal tubercles. Trochanter IV without tubercles. Femur, patella and tibia IV without tubercles. Tarsal segmentation: 8, 14, 7, 8. Intraspecific variation: Females (n= 7) tarsal formula 7 –8, 13–16, 7, 9. Dorsal scute length 4.3–4.8; dorsal scute width 3.8–4.1; pedipalpus 17–20; leg I 20.9–23.2; II 37.1–40.9; III 29 –31.7; IV 38.5–42.9.Published as part of Villarreal-Manzanilla, Osvaldo & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2006, Five new species of Protimesius from Brazil (Opiliones: Stygnidae), pp. 219-233 in Zootaxa 1325 on pages 229-232, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17406

Protimesius cirio Villarreal-Manzanilla & Pinto-Da-Rocha, 2006, n. sp.

Protimesius cirio n. sp. Figs 22 –28, 42– 43 Type­material: Male holotype (MZSP­ 14239), Brazil, Pará, Ananindéua (Km 13, BR­ 316, Cerrado, 1 ° 22´S, 48 ° 23´W), 22.VIII. 1976, R.F. Silva leg. Diagnosis: This species is closely related to P. laevis Sørensen, 1932 according to penis shape, high numbers of setae on lateral side of ventral plate, and stylus without dorsal process. It can be distinguished from all other members of the genus by having 1 ventral row of tubercles on male femur IV. Etymology: “ Cirio de Nazaré” is a procession that takes place in the Brazilian state of Pará, where this species was collected. In this religious celebration the image of “Nossa Senhora de Nazaré” is carried from the main church of Belém on a boat and in a street procession to a sanctuary in the center of the city. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition. Description of male (holotype): Measurements: Dorsal scute length 4.7; prosoma length 2.4; dorsal scute width 3.6; prosoma width 3.6; interocular distance 2.7; chelicera: II 4.7; III 2.1; pedipalpus 16.5; leg I 19.5; II 36.0; III 27.5; IV 34.0. Dorsum (Figs 22–23): Anterior margin with 5–8 tubercles on each side. Prosoma with 2 large and several small tubercles. Ocularium smooth, with small tubercles surrounding it. Lateral margin with some small tubercles distributed from eyes to groove I. Area I with 2–3 tubercles on each side; II smooth; III with two slightly divergent backward directed spines. Posterior margin minutely granular. Venter: Coxa I with 1 median row of 6–7 tubercles, 3–4 anterior tubercles, 4–6 posterior tubercles, 4 apical tubercles; II with median row of 8–10 tubercles, 1–3 anterior tubercles, 2 posterior tubercles, 4 apical tubercles; III with median row of 8 tubercles, 5–6 anterior tubercles, 5–6 posterior tubercles; IV irregularly tuberculate, 3–4 apical tubercles. Posterior margin and free sternites with a row of minute granules. Anal plate smooth. Chelicera: Segment I with 1 small distal tubercle; II with finger carrying 1 large basal tooth and 3 small distal teeth; III with 1 large and rounded basal tubercle and 4 small distal teeth. Pedipalpus (Figs 24–25): Coxa with 2–5 ventral, 4–5 dorsal (mesal one largest) tubercles. Trochanter with 1 dorsal and 2 ventral tubercles. Femur slightly curved, with 1 ventrobasal tubercle. Tibia mesal IIiIi (4> 1> 2> 5> 3), ectal IIiIi (1> 2> 4> 3 = 5). Tarsus mesal Iiii (1> 2 = 3 = 4), ectal IiIiIi (3> 1> 5> 2> 4 = 6). Legs (Figs 26–28): Coxa I with 3 tubercles; II with 1 anterior tubercle and 1 posterior tubercle fused with one of coxa II; IV small granular. Trochanter I with 3 ventral tubercles (basal one largest); II and III with 3 ventral tubercles (distal one largest); IV with 1 large dorso­apical tubercle. Femur IV with row of 24 ventral tubercles. Patella IV with 1 large postero­distal tubercle. Tibia IV straight, smooth. Tarsal segmentation: 8, 19, 6, 7. Penis (Figs 42–43): Ventral plate with lateral and distal margin concave, 4–5 curved pairs of distal setae, 1 intermediary pair, 12 pairs of straight setae on base of ventral plate and apex of truncus; no dorsal process; stylus swollen apically. Color: Dorsal scute and coxae of legs reddish brown. Anterior part of prosoma, chelicera, pedipalpal tibia and tarsus reticulate. Pedipalpal coxa to patella and legs I–III yellowish brown. Leg IV reddish brown. Female unknown.Published as part of Villarreal-Manzanilla, Osvaldo & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2006, Five new species of Protimesius from Brazil (Opiliones: Stygnidae), pp. 219-233 in Zootaxa 1325 on pages 227-229, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17406

Protimesius junina Villarreal-Manzanilla & Pinto-Da-Rocha, 2006, n. sp.

Protimesius junina n. sp. Figs 8 –14, 38– 39 Type­material: Male holotype (MZSP), Brazil, Bahia, Pau Brasil (Gruta Califórnia, Atlantic Rain Forest, 15 ° 27´S, 39 ° 39´W), 28.IX. 1997, B.S. Santos leg. Paratypes: Female, same data as for holotype; male (MZSP­ 19345), Itororó (Serra do Oricama), III. 2000, G. Machado leg. Diagnosis: It differs from all other species of Protimesius by the presence of one retrolateral row and one prolateral row of tubercles on basal part of male femur IV; rest of femur, patella and tibia IV smooth. Etymology: The “festa junina ” is a Brazilian festival, which is held, as the name implies, in June. It is in honor of the Saints Anthony, Peter and John. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition. Description of male (holotype): Measurements: Dorsal scute length 5.0; prosoma length 2.4; dorsal scute width 4.0; prosoma width 3.9; interocular distance 2.6; chelicera: II 6.1; III 2.5; pedipalpus 17.5; leg I 20.5; II 37.0; III 33.5; IV 32.5. Dorsum (Figs 8–10): Prosoma with 1 high and tuberculated anterior eminence. Ocularium smooth. Lateral margin with 1 row of tubercles between grooves I and II. Area III partially divided by a transversal groove, with 2 high spines. Areas, posterior margin and free tergites minutely granular. Venter: Coxa I with 1 median row of 6–7 tubercles and 2 apical tubercles; II with median row of 9 tubercles and 3 apical tubercles; III with median row of 8 tubercles and 3 apical tubercles; IV irregularly tuberculated. Chelicera: Swollen. Segment I smooth; II with finger carrying 1 large tooth followed by 1 small tooth; III with 2 large teeth followed by 2 small teeth. Pedipalpus (Figs 11–12): Base of coxa with mesal apophysis, ectal side with 3 small tubercles; ventral side with 1 median row of 3–5 tubercles and 1 apical tubercle. Trochanter with 2 ventral tubercles. Femur with 4 ventro­basal tubercles (basal one longest). Tibia with 8 ventral tubercles; mesal IiiIi (1> 4> 3 = 5> 2), ectal IIiIii (1 = 2> 4> 3> 5 = 6). Tarsus with 2 ventral rows of setiferous tubercles; mesal Iiii, ectal Iiii. Legs (Figs 13–14): Coxa I with 2 anterior and 1 posterior tubercles; II with 1 large anterior tubercle, 1 posterior tubercle bifid, fused with 1 tubercle of III; III with 1 tubercle fused with 1 tubercle of coxa IV; IV irregularly tuberculate. Trochantera I and II with 3 ventral tubercles; III with 4 ventral and 1 retrolateral tubercles; IV with 2 large ventral, 1 large retrolateral and 2 wide apical tubercles. Femora III and IV with retrolateral and prolateral rows of tubercles on basal fourth. Tibia IV swollen subapically, 1 large ventroectal tubercle present. Tarsal segmentation: 7, 15, 7,?[missing; 8 in paratype]. Penis (Figs 38–39): Truncus strongly swollen distally. Ventral plate with lateral margin converging, apical and distal margin straight, 2 curved distal setae and 1 pair of straight setae, without intermediary pair, 5 basal pairs of straight setae. Dorsal process present. Stylus swollen apically. Color (Fig. 8): Mostly brown in alcohol and alive. Sulci III and IV, surroundings of each ocularium, legs I–IV, anterior and lateral margin with fine small pigmentation. Chelicera with black reticulation. Base of femora III and IV, apical third of tibia IV and cheliceral fingers reddish brown. Description of female (paratype): Measurements: Dorsal scute length 4.5; prosoma length 1.9; dorsal scute width 3.7; prosoma width 3.4; interocular distance 1.9; chelicera: II 2.7; III 1.5; pedipalpus 15.5; leg I 17.5; II 35.0; III 24.0; IV 32.5. Somatic morphology: Similar to male, except for: Chelicera not swollen; prosoma without large eminence, carrying 6 tubercles; body sligthly darker than in male; legs and chelicerae of same color as body. Pedipalpal tibia mesal IiiIi, ectal IiIii/Iiii; tarsus mesal IiIii, ectal Iiii. Legs finely granular; tibia IV cylindrical. Natural history: Only two specimens were collected at the entrance of the California Cave. They do not show any sign of troglomorphism (morphological modification usually found in cave animals) and the species was not collected in other caves of the region (Trajano 2000). It is not clear if this is a cavernicolous species or not.Published as part of Villarreal-Manzanilla, Osvaldo & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2006, Five new species of Protimesius from Brazil (Opiliones: Stygnidae), pp. 219-233 in Zootaxa 1325 on pages 222-224, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17406

Protimesius foliadereis Villarreal-Manzanilla & Pinto-Da-Rocha, 2006, n. sp.

Protimesius foliadereis n. sp. Figs 1 –7, 36– 37 Type­material: Male holotype (MZSP­ 17753), Brazil, Mato Grosso, Juruena (Amazonian Rain Forest, 12 ° 51´S, 58 ° 56´W), 7.– 18.VI. 1997, G. Skuk leg. Diagnosis: The new species is similar to P. evelianeae (Soares & Soares, 1978) by the presence of a dorsal row of acute tubercles on male patella IV to basal third of tibia IV. It differs from P. evelianeae by the presence of a prolateral row of acute tubercles on distal half of male tibia IV and by the absence of a wide eminence on anterior margin of dorsal scute. Etymology: “Folia de Reis” is a popular Brazilian religious festival in which people go from home to home, chanting and playing instruments, held between Christmas and January 6 th. The singers perform religious themes about the birth of Jesus, and they are dressed with colored­striped clothes adorned with small pieces of mirror. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition. Description of male (holotype): Measurements: Dorsal scute length 4.4; prosoma length 2.0; dorsal scute width 3.8; prosoma width 3.6; interocular distance 2.6; chelicera: II 5.1; III 2.2; pedipalpus 16.5; leg I 21.0; II 38.5; III 28.5; IV 36.5. Dorsum (Figs 1–2): Prosoma with low anterior eminence carrying 9 small tubercles. Ocularium smooth. Lateral margin with tubercles from eyes to groove II. Area III with 2 parallel spines. Venter: Coxa I with 1 median row of 5 tubercles, 2 apical; II with 1 median row of 6 tubercles; III and IV irregularly minutely tuberculated. Free sternites I–III with a row of minute granules. Anal plate irregularly minutely granular. Chelicera: Swollen. Segment I smooth; II with finger carrying 1 wide lamina and 2 small teeth; III with 3 subapical teeth (basal one widest). Pedipalpus (Figs 3–4): Coxa with large dorso­anterior apophysis and 1 basal posterior tubercle. Trochanter with 1 ventral tubercle. Femur with 1 ventro­basal tubercle. Tibia mesal IIiIi (2 = 4> 1> 3 = 5), ectal IIiIi (4> 1> 2> 5> 3). Tarsus mesal IiIiii (1 = 3> 5> 2> 4> 6), ectal Iiiii (1> 4; 2 = 5). Legs (Figs 5–7): Coxa I with 2 anterior and 1 posterior tubercles; II with 2 posterior tubercles (1 fused with another of coxa III); III with 1 tubercle fused with other of coxa IV; IV minutely tuberculated. Trochantera I and II with 3 ventral tubercles; III and IV with 2 ventral tubercles. Femur IV with prolatero­apical row of 5 tubercles; retrolateral row of 15 tubercles on distal third. Patella IV with dorsal row of 8 tubercles increasing in size apicad, 1 large ventro­apical tubercle. Tibia IV with 1 row of tubercles from ventral to mesal (increasing in size apicad); 1 prolateral row on distal 2 / 3, increasing in size apicad (apical tubercle trifid); 7 dorso­basal tubercles. Tarsal segmentation: 8, 19, 7, 8. Penis (Figs 36–37): Ventral plate with lateral and distal margin almost straight, 3 curved distal setae, no intermediary pair, 4 basal pairs of straight setae; with dorsal process; stylus swollen apically. Color: Mostly brown, with minute dark brown spots all over body and legs. Chelicerae (fingers darker) and tibia IV reddish brown. Female unknown.Published as part of Villarreal-Manzanilla, Osvaldo & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2006, Five new species of Protimesius from Brazil (Opiliones: Stygnidae), pp. 219-233 in Zootaxa 1325 on pages 220-222, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17406