Food production and gender relations in multifunctional landscapes: a literature review

High expectations are put to multifunctional land use systems that they can provide solutions to the increasing global demand for land and food. In this literature review, we ask whether multifunctional landscapes hold specific opportunities for women in enhancing food production and security in a context of gender inequality guided by a framework of access to productive resources and commercialisation. We review 104 scientific articles dealing with food production and security in a range of multifunctional land use systems across Africa, Asia and Latin America, including agroforestry, homegardens, livestock systems and urban agriculture. We find that the specific role of a landscape’s multifunctionality for women’s opportunities to enhance food security, is rarely explicitly examined in scientific literature. Our review shows that in a multifunctional setting, the products controlled by women are often secondary and far from markets, and therefore they risk being ignored in decision-making or by policy makers. Further, efforts to increase the value of traditionally “female products” risk having adverse effects on women’s empowerment, in cases where powerful actors take over all or parts of the value chain, or appropriate the benefits. To remove these barriers traditional gender roles have to change. However, the instability of gender relations can also work in women’s favour in a multifunctional landscape where several products and production systems exist, providing opportunities to claim new roles or resources, especially in the context of changing external circumstances, such as urbanization, a shift from pastoralism to sedentary livelihoods, or an expansion of the monetary economy

State College Times, May 9, 1933

Volume 21, Issue 106https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartan_daily_1933/1060/thumbnail.jp

Realizing the vision of a circular food system A policy dialogue on a sustainable bioeconomy in the 6resund region

This document reports the results of the fourth workshop run by the project "Policy Dialogues\ua0on a Bioeconomy for Sustainable Development". The project is co-financed by the Swedish Innovation Agency, Vinnova, and the SEI Governing Bioeconomy Pathways initiative. The overarching goal of the project is to facilitate a more constructive dialogue on the development of the global bioeconomy. There is a particular focus on analysing national and regional contexts in order to gain a better understanding of what is envisaged by a sustainable bioeconomy and the possible mechanisms for achieving bioeconomy-related goals

Gender issues in contemporary research on agriculture for food security - Knowledge gaps and key issues across the AgriFoSe2030 themes

Foreword Agriculture in low- and middle-income countries faces considerable challenges, ranging from increased food demand to climate change impacts, withrapidly evolving scope and complexity. At the same time, the opportunities to address these challenges are significant, which brings optimism that efforts in agricultural research can succeed. One major barrier, however, threatens to inhibit the impacts\ua0of agricultural research: the low level of gender equity in low- and middle-income countries. This is problematic on many levels and across entire crop and livestock value chains, all the way to landscape management

Multifunctional land-use systems – a solution for food security in Africa?

What is multifunctional land use? Multifunctional land use is based on systems that are managed with the goal of producing more than one product or service. The products can be, for instance, grains, fodder, timber, firewood, biofuel, fruits or flowers, while the services can be water infiltration, wind breaks, microclimate regulation, carbon storage, erosion control, groundwater recharge or soil conservation, among others. Mander et al. (2007) describe landscapes as multifunctional through their simultaneous support of habitat, productiv- ity, regulatory, social, and economic functions. Heterogeneity (diversity), they noted, is a basic attribute of landscapes, and this heterogeneity implies the capacity of the landscape to support various and sometimes contra- dictory functions simultaneously..

Universitasisasi STAIN Malang: Analisis Kebijakan Publik Perubahan Kelembagaan dalam Perspektif Filsafat Nilai

This paper examines to study institutional change of the State Islamic University (SIU), Malang. This study gets some summaries: First, that institutional change of SIU indicates that social sphere of higher education coloured with struggle for implementation of Islamic universality in education field. Struggle in social sphere of higher education cannot be discharged from spirit of Islam people to make a "more active" social sphere in Indonesia society. Spirit of universalization of Islamic values cannot be discharged from event pushing universitization of SIHE in the early 21 C. Second, successness of institutional change in SIU, Malang because: (a) its elite actors able to mobilize its modalities both economic, social, culture, symbolic, spiritual, political, and leadership capitals; (b) there is braveness from elit actors to put a window of opportunity as institutional actor for implementation of MoU between Minitry of Religious Affairs, Indonesia and Ministry of Education, Sudan by transform State of Islamic College of Malang (SICM) become Indonesia-Sudan Islamic University (ISIU). This Institutional change from SICM to ISIU, actually as an opportunity transformation from institutional problem toward international problem

Multifunctional land-use practices in Africa

Key evidence of multifunctionality from the success stories: the ‘what?’ Recalling that multifunctional land use aims to produce more than one product or service, we ask: what lessons emerge from the six case studies? Let us look for a moment at the services and products produced and how farmers turned scarcities into resources..

Расстройства микроциркуляции у больных артериальной гипертензией

ГИПЕРТЕНЗИЯМИКРОЦИРКУЛЯЦИ

The Chinese Grain for Green Program -assessing the sequestered carbon from the land reform

Abstract: Grain for Green Program was launched in China as a national measure to control erosion and increase vegetation cover in 1999. With a budget of 40 billion US dollar, the program that targets cropland and barren land has today converted over 20 million hectares of land into primarily tree-based plantations. Even though the design of the program includes a category of energy forest only a negligible part is planted as such (0.61%). The majority of the land converted is for protection (78%). The use of these plantations in the future is however unclear and a hypothesis of energy substitution is valid. In this paper, we try to estimate the overall carbon that has been sequestered due to the program by using official statistics from the program and by calculating it according to mainly three different approaches; calculations made on I) net primary production, II) figures from IPCC's greenhouse gas inventory guidelines, and III) mean annual increment. We also highlight several of the uncertainties that are associated with the program and the estimations. The result shows that conversion of cropland and barren land generated carbon sequestration over its 10 first years ranging from 222 to 468 million tonnes of carbon, with the IPCC approach yielding the highest estimate whereas the other two approaches had more similar outcome (around 250 million tonnes of carbon). Uncertainties associated with the assessment lies within the use of growth curves not designed for the particular species and their different locations, actual survival rate of the plantations, and discrepancies in figures concerning the program (e.g. area, type, survival rates) at different levels of authority (from national to local). The carbon sequestered in the biomass (above and below ground) from this program is equivalent to 14% (based on median of all three approaches) of China's yearly carbon dioxide emissions due to fossil fuel use and cement production

Do national strategies under the UN biodiversity and climate conventions address agricultural commodity consumption as deforestation driver?

Forest conversion in the tropics is increasingly driven by global demand for agricultural forest-risk commoditiessuch as soy, beef, palm oil and timber. In order to be effective, future forest conservation policies should includemeasures targeting both producers (the supply side) and consumers (the demand side) to address commodity-driven deforestation. Whereas the UN Conventions on Biodiversity (CBD) and Climate Change (UNFCCC) do notmake reference to this driving factor, here we explore whether and how recent national strategies by memberstates to the Conventions acknowledge the role of agricultural commodities in tropical deforestation. A textanalysis of 139 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to climate change mitigation and 132National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) shows that the general trade-offbetween nationaldevelopment aspirations and forest conservation is commonly acknowledged. However, only few strategies linkdeforestation to commodity production and consumption, whereas most documents do not mention this topic.This lack of reference to a key driver of tropical deforestation limits the prospects of safeguarding tropical forestsfor biodiversity and climate change mitigation purposes as part of the two UN Conventions, and might jeopardisetheir overall effectiveness.Thesefindings were complemented by a content analysis of INDCs, NBSAPs and REDD+ documents fromeight case countries affected by commodity-driven deforestation. We investigated whether this driver is ac-knowledged in the national strategies, and which policy measures are suggested to address forest loss fromagricultural commodities. We found that six case countries mention agricultural commodities as deforestationdriver in their REDD+ documents, whereas the biodiversity and climate change strategies were silent on thetopic. Policy measures targeting commodity production were suggested in four REDD+ strategies, ranging fromincentive payments, sustainable agricultural practices and land-use planning to demand-side approaches such ascertification and the promotion of sustainable lifestyles.One conclusion from this exercise is that UN member states seem not to consider climate and biodiversitynational plans the adequate forum to discuss detailed forest conservation approaches. We argue that in order toincrease effectiveness, strategies under the UN Conventions should take commodity-driven deforestation intoaccount, through measures that address both the producer and the consumer side. Do national strategies under the UN biodiversity and climate conventions address agricultural commodity consumption as deforestation driver?. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320845988_Do_national_strategies_under_the_UN_biodiversity_and_climate_conventions_address_agricultural_commodity_consumption_as_deforestation_driver [accessed Apr 24 2018]