The Development of the Hate Speech Regulation in Hungary: from criminal law to civil law and media regulation

In the Hungarian legal system, the anti-hate speech rules of media law provide an ad-ditional (administrative) proceeding for the media authority in parallel with proceedings under criminal law and civil law. The media authorities, over the past twenty years, have consistently set media law sanctions at a lower intervention threshold than criminal law did, and in many cases, they established media law violation in cases where criminal proceedings for incitement against a community were not initiated or ended in acquittal. The fundamental aim of media law regulation is to shape media content and the edit-ing practices of media players with a view to ensure respect for human dignity, and to prevent media from becoming an ‘amplifier’ of hateful communications. In the first four-teen years of the Hungarian media regulation, the scope of interpretation concerning anti-hate speech media law restrictions developed gradually. The authority reacted not only to individual cases, and individual communications, but also carried out targeted investigations in cases that can be described as a phenomenon in the media coverage. Besides reviewing news and information programmes, it also acted against hateful con-tents of the entertainment programmes. The new media regulation, which entered into force in 2011, partially amended the content of the former anti-hate speech regulation: in addition to the provisions of “incitement to hatred”, the former category of “offending or prejudiced content” was replaced by the prohibition of “exclusion”. The practice of the media authority has not changed as regards the assessment of the media law standard, as the authority has continued to apply it differently from the criminal law standard, con-sidering it as a lower intervention threshold. However, in comparison with pre-2010 practice, the authority initiated considerably fewer proceedings and its approach in terms of law enforcement became less characterised by adjudicating problems that can be de-scribed as phenomenon in the media coverage, no targeted proceedings of this kind were initiated. Its practice can be characterised by a couple of high profile cases with extreme sanctions, which attract great attention. These cases are important as they designate the boundaries of public communications, but in this way, media law measures are not really suitable for making any substantial changes to the characteristics of the media coverage

Species composition of Cicada (Auchenorrhyncha) communities on the surrounding vegetation of apple orchards in Hungary

Species richness and composition of cicada (Auchenorrhyncha) assemblages were investigated in differently treated (conventional, IPM, organic and abandoned) apple orchards and their surroundings in Hungary in years 1999 and 2000. In the present paper ­ as part of a larger survey ­ data on cicada species found on the surrounding vegetation of the investigated apple orchards are given. In two investigated areas (Nyírtura and Szigetcsép) three Malaise traps were placed. One inside of the apple orchard, one in the adjacent woodland and one between the apple orchard and the woodland (named edge). In Vámosmikola two Malaise traps were placed inside of the apple orchard, one in the adjacent woodland and two in the edge. Altogether 10 146 individuals had been collected in the open, bushy edges and woodlands adjacent to apple orchards, belonging to 109 species. The species richness of cicadas varied between 47 and 67. The species occurring with high relative abundance, in decreasing order, were the following: Eupteryx calcarata, Kybos virgator, Empoasca decipiens, Eupteryx cyclops, Eupteryx atropunctata, Ribautiana tenerrima, Edwardsiana rosae, Eupteryx stachydearum, Kybos populi, Edwardsiana crataegi and Edwardsiana lamellaris

Új Ru(II)- és Ir(I)-N-heterociklusos karbén komplexek előállítása és katalitikus alkalmazásaik: Synthesis and catalytic applications of new Ru(II)- and Ir(I)-N-heterocyclic complexes

Optical purity is an indispensable requirement for chiral pharmaceuticals, as the enantiomers may have different physiological impact for the organism. The racemization of the unfavorable enantiomer is the part of the so-called dynamic kinetic resolution. For this process new [RuCl(emim)(η6-p-cymene)(PR3)]Cl type complexes were synthetized and characterized. The Ir(I)-analog complex also was synthetized. Kivonat Az optikai tisztaság elengedhetetlen követelmény a királis gyógyszerhatóanyagokkal szemben, hiszen az enantiomereknek eltérő élettani hatásuk lehet. Az un. dinamikus kinetikus rezolválás egyik lépése a kedvezőtlen enantiomer racemizációja. Ilyen folyamat elősegítésére állítottuk elő a foszfin és karbén ligandumot egyaránt tartalmazó [RuCl(emim)(η6-p-cimol)(PR3)]Cl komplexeket. Hasonló céllal szintén előállítottuk a komplex Ir(I)- analógját

Ir(I)-NHC és Ir(I)-NHC-foszfin komplexek előállítása, katalitikus tulajdonságainak vizsgálata: Synthesis of Ir(I)-NHC and Ir(I)-NHC-phosphine complexes, explore their catalytic properties

During our research we have synthetized various Ir(I)-carbene and Ir(I)-carbene-phosphine complexes[1][2][3] and we have studied their catalytic properties in transfer hydrogenation reactions[3] and hydrogenations of ketones and dehydrogenation of secondary alcohols. Ten of the catalysts were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The reaction rate of the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone showed strong dependence on the water concentration of the solvent, indicating preferential solvation of the catalytically active metal complexes. Kivonat Munkánk során többféle Ir(I)-karbén és Ir(I)-karbén-foszfin vegyes ligandumú katalizátort[1][2][3] állítottunk elő, melyek katalitikus tulajdonságait vizsgáltuk ketonok hidrogénezési, transzfer hidrogénezési[3] reakcióiban és szekunder alkoholok dehidrogénezésében. Tíz katalizátornak meghatároztuk az egykristály röntgenszerkezetét is. Az acetofenon transzfer hidrogénezése során erős vízhatást figyeltünk meg, ami jelezte a katalitikusan aktív fémkomplexek előnyös szolvatálását

Investigation of the Role of Arabinoxylan on Dough Mixing Properties in Native and Model Wheat Dough Systems

The aim of this work was to investigate and compare the effect of arabinoxylan (AX) addition and incorporation on the mixing properties of native and model doughs of different wheat types, to get more insight into the role of AXs in dough formation. In the experiments, flour samples of a wheat variety (normal starch type) and two wheat lines (waxy and high amylose) were used. Model doughs were composed by fractionating flours into starch and gluten followed by subsequent reconstitution according to their original gluten to starch ratio. AX isolate was dosed in 1% and 3% to the native and model doughs. Incorporation of AX was performed by reduction and re-oxidation of wheat dough with dithiothreitol (DTT) and KIO3, respectively. Model doughs behaved similarly to native doughs thus were found appropriate for the model experiments. In general, higher AX level resulted higher dough consistency in every dough system compared to the corresponding base dough, however, the extent of the growth was different. In case of assumed AX incorporation only small differences were found in the mixing properties compared to AX addition. Based on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) analysis, some minor but clear changes were observed in the protein subunit profile of AX containing doughs compared to base doughs, but no difference was identified between doughs made by AX addition and AX incorporation. However, the characterization of the gluten-AX interactions requires more detailed investigation, in which a pure gluten-starch-AX model system can offer a valuable, well-defined matrix

Immobilization of an Iridium(I)-NHC-Phosphine Catalyst for Hydrogenation Reactions under Batch and Flow Conditions

Na2[Ir(cod)(emim)(mtppts)] (1) with high catalytic activity in various organic- and aqueous-phase hydrogenation reactions was immobilized on several types of commercially available ion-exchange supports. The resulting heterogeneous catalyst was investigated in batch reactions and in an H-Cube flow reactor in the hydrogenation of phenylacetylene, diphenylacetylene, 1-hexyne, and benzylideneacetone. Under proper conditions, the catalyst was highly selective in the hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes, and demonstrated excellent selectivity in C=C over C=O hydrogenation; furthermore, it displayed remarkable stability. Activity of 1 in hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone was also assessed

Interaction of factor XIII subunits

Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) is a heterotetramer consisting of 2 catalytic A subunits (FXIII-A2) and 2 protective/inhibitory B subunits (FXIII-B2). FXIII-B, a mosaic protein consisting of 10 sushi domains, significantly prolongs the lifespan of catalytic subunits in the circulation and prevents their slow progressive activation in plasmatic conditions. In this study, the biochemistry of the interaction between the 2 FXIII subunits was investigated. Using a surface plasmon resonance technique and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-type binding assay, the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) for the interaction was established in the range of 10(-10) M. Based on the measured Kd, it was calculated that in plasma approximately 1% of FXIII-A2 should be in free form. This value was confirmed experimentally by measuring FXIII-A2 in plasma samples immunodepleted of FXIII-A2B2. Free plasma FXIII-A2 is functionally active, and when activated by thrombin and Ca(2+), it can cross-link fibrin. In cerebrospinal fluid and tears with much lower FXIII subunit concentrations, >80% of FXIII-A2 existed in free form. A monoclonal anti-FXIII-B antibody that prevented the interaction between the 2 subunits reacted with the recombinant combined first and second sushi domains of FXIII-B, and its epitope was localized to the peptide spanning positions 96 to 103 in the second sushi domain