Reactions of C+ + Cl-, Br-, and I--A comparison of theory and experiment.

Rate constants for the reactions of C+ + Cl-, Br-, and I- were measured at 300 K using the variable electron and neutral density electron attachment mass spectrometry technique in a flowing afterglow Langmuir probe apparatus. Upper bounds of <10-8 cm3 s-1 were found for the reaction of C+ with Br- and I-, and a rate constant of 4.2 ± 1.1 × 10-9 cm3 s-1 was measured for the reaction with Cl-. The C+ + Cl- mutual neutralization reaction was studied theoretically from first principles, and a rate constant of 3.9 × 10-10 cm3 s-1, an order of magnitude smaller than experiment, was obtained with spin-orbit interactions included using a semiempirical model. The discrepancy between the measured and calculated rate constants could be explained by the fact that in the experiment, the total loss of C+ ions was measured, while the theoretical treatment did not include the associative ionization channel. The charge transfer was found to take place at small internuclear distances, and the spin-orbit interaction was found to have a minor effect on the rate constant

Эталон для измерения относительных величин структур позвоночника взрослых

The paper proposes a method for using the relative values of linear dimensions for spine structures, which are necessary to compare the results obtained from digital and conventional radiographs having different scales.The purpose of the study: to develop a method for quantifying the spine structures of adult patients in relative units of measurement.Materials and methods. Using digital spine radiographs of 141 patients (from 21 to 88 years old), with careful observance of the same magnification, it is shown that the metric length of the segment tangent to the image of the vertebral body CI lower contour – the órel standard – has no age trend.Results and discussion. The ratio of segment tangent to the image of sacrum upper contour (segment s) and órel standard dimension also does not depend on age and is on average equal to 2.1. So the segment can be approximately calculated as órel = s/2.1. A group of 64 patients, from 21 to 88 years old, taken from the general cohort is divided into four age subgroups according to the WHO classification. It is shown that relative vertical spine size decreases with age. The difference in average relative vertical spine size for the first and the fourth age subgroups was 3.75 órels. The relative contribution of each spine part to the decrease is also demonstrated.Conclusion. The proposed relative unit of measurement “órel” can be used as a universal measure of length, independent of the scale and method of obtaining an X-ray image for measuring and comparing the structures of the spine in adults at any age.В работе предложен метод измерения относительных величин линейных размеров структур позвоночника, которые необходимы для сравнения результатов, полученных с цифровых и обычных рентгенограмм, имеющих разный масштаб.Цель исследования: разработать метод количественной оценки величины структур позвоночника взрослых пациентов в относительных единицах измерения.Материал и методы. На примере группы из 141 пациента (от 21 до 88 лет) при тщательном соблюдении одинакового увеличения цифровых рентгенограмм было показано, что метрическая длина отрезка касательной к изображению нижнего контура тела позвонка CI – эталон óрел – не имеет возрастного тренда.Результаты и обсуждение. Выявлено, что соотношение размеров эталона óрел (отрезка orel) и отрезка касательной к изображению верхнего контура крестца (отрезка s) не зависит от возраста и в среднем равно 2,1, и может быть приблизительно вычислено по формуле orel = s/2,1. На примере группы 64 пациентов, взятых из той же когорты обследованных, (от 21 до 88 лет), разделенной на 4 возрастные подгруппы в соответствии с классификацией ВОЗ, показано, что относительный вертикальный размер позвоночника, уменьшается с возрастом. Разница средних относительных значений вертикального размера позвоночника в первой и в четвертой возрастной подгруппе составила 3,75 óрела. Также продемонстрирован относительный вклад каждого отдела позвоночника в это уменьшение.Заключение. Предлагаемая относительная единица измерения “óрел” может быть использована в качестве универсальной меры длины, независимой от масштаба и способа получения рентгеновского изображения для измерения и сравнения структур позвоночника у взрослых в любом возрасте

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПЕРОКСИДНОГО ОКИСНЕННЯ ЛІПІДІВ У СИРОВАТЦІ КРОВІ Й ГОМОГЕНАТАХ ТКАНИН ЩУРІВ ЗА УМОВ КОМБІНОВАНОГО ВПЛИВУ СТРЕСОВИХ ЧИННИКІВ

The aim of the work. To analyze the level of active products of thiobarbituric acid in blood and homogenate of rat tissues under the condition of stress factors and their combination.. Materials and Methods. The experiments were conducted on 54 white non-linear male rats weighing 200–220 g. Animals were divided into 5 groups: 1 – control group (n = 6), 2 – chronic exposure to tobacco smoke (n = 12), 3 – chronic black leaf tea intoxication (n = 12), 4 – chronic immobilization stress (n = 12), 5 – combined influence of stress factors (n = 12). The principle of determining the content of TBA-active products (TBA-AP) is based on the fact that at high temperature in acidic medium malonic dialdehyde reacts with thiobarbituric acid, forming a trimethin complex. Results and Discussion. Chronic exposure to tobacco smoke is accompanied by activation of lipid peroxidation, in particular, the maximum changes in the content of TBA-AP are observed in the lung homogenate (3.5 times), in chronic intoxication with black tea – in the myocardial homogenate (3.5 times), with immobility – in the stomach homogenate (2.9 times) relative to the control group. With the combined effect of stressors, more pronounced changes are observed relative to the isolated effect of each factor: in the heart (6.9 times), in the lungs (6.3 times), in the stomach (6.6 times) and in periodontium (in 5.1 times) relative to the control group. Conclusions. The combined effect of stressors causes the activation of free radical oxidation processes, which is characterized by changes in TBA reactants, in particular, more pronounced changes are observed relative to the isolated effect of each factor relative to the control group.Мета роботи. Проаналізувати рівень активних продуктів тіобарбітурової кислоти в крові й гомогенаті тканин щурів за умови дії стресових чинників та їх комбінації. Матеріали і методи. Досліди проведено на 54 білих статевозрілих нелінійних щурах-самцях масою 200–220 г. Тварин поділили на 5 груп: перша – контрольна група (n=6), друга – хронічний вплив тютюнового диму (n=12), третя – хронічна інтоксикація чорним листковим чаєм (n=12), четверта – хронічний іммобілізаційний стрес (n=12), п’ята – комбінований вплив стресових чинників (n=12). Принцип визначення вмісту ТБК-активних продуктів (ТБК-АП) ґрунтується на тому, що при високій температурі в кислому середовищі малоновий діальдегід реагує з тіобарбітуровою кислотою, утворюючи триметиновий комплекс. Результати й обговорення. Хронічний вплив тютюнового диму супроводжується активацією пероксидації ліпідів, зокрема максимальні зміни вмісту ТБК-АП спостерігали у гомогенаті легень (у 3,5 раза), при хронічній інтоксикації чорним чаєм – у гомогенаті міокарда (у 3,5 раза), при іммобілізаційному стресі – в гомогенаті шлунка (у 2,9 раза) відносно контрольної групи. За умови комбінованого впливу стресових чинників більш вираженими були зміни відносно ізольованого впливу кожного чинника: у серці (в 6,9 раза), у легенях (в 6,3 раза), у шлунку (в 6,6 раза) та у пародонті (в 5,1 раза) відносно контрольної групи. Висновки. Комбінований вплив стресових факторів зумовлює активацію процесів вільнорадикального окиснення, що характеризується змінами ТБК-реактантів, зокрема спостерігають більш виражені зміни відносно ізольованого впливу кожного чинника щодо контрольної групи

Complications associated with the treatment of chronic limb-threatening ischemia

The aim of the work is to review current national and foreign specialized literature on various complications associated with the treatment of chronic limb-threatening ischemia. Atherosclerotic lesion of the lower limb arteries is the most common cause of tissue perfusion deficiency of the lower limbs and can lead to their loss. A radical method of treatment for chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) remains revascularization. Despite the modern possibilities of surgical treatment and many years of experience in such treatment, the percentage of surgical complications is still substantial. The level of providing qualitative care to patients with CLTI consists in the successful correction of the mentioned complications. That is why the analysis of this problem is an urgent issue of modern angiosurgery. Conclusions. Most complications after surgical treatment of atherosclerotic lower limb lesions could cause both a limb loss and a severe systemic disorder development in general. The presented data of the professional literature review of clinical and experimental studies justify the need for an early management of complications associated with surgical treatment of chronic limb-threatening ischemia. It would contribute not only to the limb preservation, but also prevent the occurrence of severe general somatic complications

IR AND X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY OF V 2 O 5 , TiO 2 AND V/Ti-OXIDE SOL-GEL DERIVED FILMS INFRARDE^A IN RENTGENSKA FOTOELEKTRONSKA SPEKTROSKOPIJA V 2 O 5 , TiO 2 IN V/Ti-OKSIDNIH SOL-GEL FILMOV

Prejem rokopisa -received: 1998-12-06; sprejem za objavo -accepted for publication: 1998-12-14 V/Ti-oxide films were prepared by dip-coating from sols made by mixing of V-oxoisopropoxide and Ti-propoxide in V:Ti molar ratio in precursors 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3. Amorphous films were obtained after annealing at 300°C (1 h). IR spectroscopic analysis revealed that V=O stretching modes appeared at 1020 cm -1 in the IR spectrum of powder (V:Ti=1:1). However, in the IR spectra of a film with the same molar ratio the bands at 1008 and 914 cm -1 appeared suggesting the presence of V 4+ -O bonds. The new band at 790 cm -1 signalled the V-O-Ti bridging bonds connecting V-O and Ti-O polyhedra. XPS measurements confirmed that initial-state films contained V 5+ , V 4+ and Ti 4+ species, but at the film surface only V 5+ species existed. Sequential depth analysis of films performed with Ar + sputtering showed that the vanadium is reduced to 3+ oxidation state with progressive exposure while titanium is not affected. Key words: electrochromic (EC) devices, oxide films, IR spectroscopy, XPS, oxidation states, sputtering, sol-gel V/Ti-oksidne filme smo pripravili iz koloidnih raztopin V-oksoizopropoksida in Ti-propoksida v 2-propanolu s tehniko potapljanja. Molska razmerja V:Ti v prekurzorjih so zna{ala 3:1, 1:1 in 1:3. Amorfni filmi so nastali po segrevanju na 300°C (1h). V IR spektru pra{kastega vzorca (V:Ti = 1:1) so se valen~na nihanja V=O pojavila pri 1020 cm -1 . V IR spektru filma z istim molskim razmerjem pa se pojavita trakova pri 1008 c

Probiotics for Preterm Infants: a strain specific systematic review and network meta-analysis

Several randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the use of probiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in preterm infants have provided inconsistent results. Whilst meta-analyses that group all of the used strains together, suggest efficacy, it is not possible to determine the most effective strain which is more relevant to the clinician. We therefore used a network meta-analysis (NMA) approach in order to identify strains with greatest efficacy

An updated checklist of Chironomidae (Diptera) from the Amur River basin (Russian Far East)

A long-term study implemented in the Amur River basin enabled us to generate an updated checklist of 606 valid species in Chironomidae (Diptera) which are composed of 129 genera and six subfamilies, with 98 (17%) described new species belonging to 46 genera. Among the 98 recently described species, 46 ones (45%), were considered as possible endemics and sub-endemics. The numbers of species and genera by subfamilies is as follows: Podonominae (3 species; 3 genera), Tanypodinae (17; 9), Diamesinae (25; 11), Prodiamesinae (7; 3), Orthocladiinae (307; 57) and Chironominae (247; 46). The higher numbers of species (421 and 410, respectively) were recorded in the Lower and Middle parts of the Amur River basin, as compared with the Upper part of the basin. Most of the recorded chironomids (387 species, 67%) are Palaearctic in distribution, while others (191, 33%) are widely Holarctic. Species with Palaearctic distribution mostly have the following range types: East Palaearctic continental (23%); East Palaearctic continental-insular (20%); Palaearctic transpalaearctic (14%); Palaearctic amphi-Eurasian (10%)