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    āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđāļœāļĨāļāļ”āļ—āļąāļš āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļœāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒ Development and Reliability Testing of an Assessment Tool for Pressure Ulcers Based on Thai Traditional Medicine

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    āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđāļœāļĨāļāļ”āļ—āļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļœāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 4 āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ 1) āļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđāļœāļĨāļāļ”āļ—āļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļœāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒ 2) āļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ•āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđāļœāļĨāļāļ”āļ—āļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ 24 āļĢāļēāļĒ āļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļœāļĨāļāļ”āļ—āļąāļš 47 āđāļœāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļļāļ”āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­ 3) āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļœāļĨāļāļ”āļ—āļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļœāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļœāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™ āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđāļœāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ§āļīāļŠāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ„āļđāđˆāļāļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļœāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļœāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļˆāļ°āļ–āļđāļāļ„āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™ 4) āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™ āļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™ 17 āļ„āļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļˆāļēāļāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļŠāļēāļ āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđāļĨāļ° āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāđāļ„āļ›āļ›āļē āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āđāļœāļĨāļāļ”āļ—āļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ•āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļœāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ āđāļœāļĨāļ§āļēāļ•āļ° 37 āđāļœāļĨ (āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ„āļŦāļĨāđ€āļ§āļĩāļĒāļ™) āđāļĨāļ°āđāļœāļĨāļ›āļīāļ•āļ•āļ° 10 āđāļœāļĨ (āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļāđ€āļāļīāļ™āđ„āļ›) āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļœāļĨāđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļœāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒ 8 āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ° āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ„āļđāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļąāļšāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļœāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļœāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™ 9 āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡ 4 āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ§āļīāļŠāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ–āļđāļāļ„āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđāļœāļĨāļāļ”āļ—āļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļœāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒ (TTM-PUAT) āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ 1) āđ‚āļžāļĢāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļœāļĨ 2) āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļēāļĒ 3) āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļœāļĨ 4) āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļš āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­ TTM-PUAT āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ 78.8% āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļŠāļēāļ, 73.09% āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāđāļ„āļ›āļ›āļē 0.46 āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: TTM-PUAT āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđāļœāļĨāļāļ”āļ—āļąāļš āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļœāļĨāļāļ”āļ—āļąāļšāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļļāļĄāļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļœāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđāļœāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™ āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ, āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļœāļŠāļĄāļœāļŠāļēāļ™, āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™, āđāļœāļĨāļāļ”āļ—āļąāļšAbstract Objective: To develop a tool for pressure ulcer assessment based on Thai traditional medicine (TTM) and to determine interrater reliability of the tool. Method: There were 4 processes to develop the tool for pressure ulcer assessment. First, documentation of an experience of TTM pressure evaluation. Second, observation on pressure ulcers treatment from 24 patients. A total of 47 pressure ulcers were observed and analyzed their characteristics. Observed pressure ulcers data were used to develop the tool. Third, comparisons of wound characteristics recognized by TTM with those of modern medicine. Objective characteristics of TTM matched with modern medicine were selected to use in the tool. Fourth, evaluation of the tool’s interrater reliability by 17 raters. The interrater reliability was calculated by % agreement by expert assessment, % overall agreement and Kappa statistics. Results: Based on TTM, the observed pressure ulcers were assessed as 37 Wata wounds (circulation problems), and 10 Pitta wounds (excessive heat). There were 8 wound characteristics in TTM matched with 9 domains of those in modern medicine. Only four domains were classified as objective characteristics and selected to establish a Thai Traditional Medicine Pressure Ulcer Assessment Tool (TTM-PUAT) inlcuidng 1) undermining, 2) necrotic tissue, 3) pressure ulcer staging and 4) inflammation. The TTM-PUAT showed interrater reliability with 78.8% expert agreement, 73.09% overall agreement, and a moderate agreement with a Kappa coefficient of 0.46. Conclusion: The TTM-PUAT is an assessment tool for pressure ulcer based on TTM that link characteristic of pressure ulcer through both perspectives of TTM and modern medicine. Keywords: alternative medicine, complementary medicine, assessment tool, pressure ulcer

    Association between age-related factors and extubation failure in elderly patients.

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    BACKGROUND:Elderly patients are being increasingly admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for mechanical ventilation. Previous studies demonstrated that 20% to 35% of elderly patients were reintubated within 48 to 72 hours after extubation. Given the age-related physiologic changes and multiple comorbidities in elderly patients, the current conventional parameters for predicting extubation outcomes may not be applicable to this population. This study was performed to identify the association between age-related parameters and extubation failure in elderly patients. METHODS:Intubated elderly patients (age of â‰Ĩ60 years) admitted to the medical ICU of a university-based hospital from October 2014 to July 2015 were included. Failed extubation was defined as reintubation within 48 hours after the first extubation. The associations of extubation failure with demographic data, vital signs, cognition and anxiety, and ventilator parameters at the time of intubation and extubation were analyzed. RESULTS:In total, 127 intubated elderly patients were recruited. Extubation failure occurred in 15 patients (11.8%). Patients with failed extubation had a lower body temperature (37.0°C vs. 37.3°C, P < 0.05) but a higher Facial Anxiety Scale (FAS) score than those with successful extubation (3 vs. 2, P < 0.05). Patients with extubation failure had significantly higher levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (39.88 vs. 58.47 g/dL), serum sodium (137.66 vs. 141.47 mmol/L), and serum calcium (9.52 vs. 10.0 g/dL) but a wider anion gap (12.23 vs. 9.97), but no significant differences in respiratory parameters were found between the two groups. Multiple logistic regression revealed no independent factors associated with successful extubation. CONCLUSION:This study revealed no strong predictive factors. However, several physiological parameters (lower body temperature and higher FAS scores) and metabolic parameters (BUN, sodium, calcium, and anion gap) were significantly associated with the rate of extubation failure
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