618 research outputs found
FDI Determinants and the effect of FDI on Economic Growth of the East African Community (EAC)
This thesis comprises of three self-contained analytical chapters. We attempt to answer three key research questions on the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI), FDI-growth nexus and income convergence in the East African Community (EAC) region.
Below are our three key research questions:
1. What are the determinants of FDI to the EAC region?
2. Does FDI contribute to the aggregate economic performance of the EAC region and what is the effect of FDI on the ratio tradeable output to non-tradeable output? Also, what is the contribution of ratio tradeable output to non-tradeable output on the economic growth of the EAC region?
3. Did the EAC region experience income and FDI convergence during the study period?
We are motivated to understand the key driver of FDI to the EAC region. These member countries have continued to witness an increase in the FDI activities from 1970 to 2017. Therefore, we want to investigate if the EAC member countries received market, efficiency or resource-seek FDI (Breham, 1972). Understanding these FDI types enable policy makers to attract the right FDI type that plays significant positive role on the host EAC region. Most study suggests that market seeking FDI has greater productivity spilover to local firms than resource or efficiency-seeking FDI (Borenzstein, et al. 1998). Also, data from Bank of Uganda and Bank of Rwanda shows that most FDI goes to service sector followed by manufacturing and with fewer foreign direct investment channelled to agricultural sector. The disparity of sectoral FDI to service, manufacturing and agricultural sector motivated us to empirically assess the sectoral role of FDI, and in addition to studying the contribution of different sectoral output on the economic growth of the EAC region.
To achieve our research objectives, we applied location theory to gain better understanding of different motives of FDI (i.e., marketâseeking, resourceâseeking, and efficiencyâseeking FDI) to the EAC. Location theory is favoured because of it is easy to apply in context to our study, and more flexible to accommodate different variable of interests. In terms of the economic growth, our analytical framework is based on Solow (1956) growth model. The model allows us to empiricall capture the role of FDI on economic performance of the EAC region, in addition to assessing the income and FDI convergence in the region.
Our research objectives are based on lack of studies on the FDI determinants, FDI-growth nexus and income and FDI convergence in the EAC region. Therefore, our thesis seeks to fill the gap in the current literatures in the field of economic development. The data used in our study of the FDI determinants, FDI â growth nexus, and income convergence was mainly sourced from the World Bank database. These datasets range from 1970 â 2017. In addition, the bilateral FDI data from the year 2000 â 2017 that shows FDI from the UK to the rest of the EAC region (i.e., Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda) were sourced from the UNCTAD database.
The report from our empirical investigation on the FDI determinants to the EAC region shows that the region received market, efficiency, and resource seeking FDI in the long-run vis-Ă -vis short-run period. And that resource and efficiencyâseeking FDI are only attracted to the region in the face of trade liberalization. In terms of growth impact, empirical evidence indicates that FDI insignificantly contributes to economic growth at both aggregate and sectoral level. Furthermore, the study reveals that service sector output (the non-tradeable output) significantly supports economic growth of the EAC region from 1970 â2017 vis-Ă - vis the tradeable output (manufacture and agricultural sector output). We argue that this could be due to large amount of FDI flows to the non-tradable sector compared to the tradeable sector.
Finally, considering convergence, our study shows that from 1970 â 2017, FDI insignificantly supported beta convergence process in the region. Also, bilateral FDI data from the UK to the rest of the EAC region indicate that, from 2000 â 2017, bilateral FDI significantly contributed to beta and sigma convergence in the long-run. Conversely, we found insignificant short-run effect of bilateral FDI on beta and sigma convergence. Unsparingly, when language similarity is accounted for in our study, the result shows that income levels between the EAC region and the UK significantly reduces. We argue that language similarity promote trade and investment, in addition to facilitating technology transfer between the UK and the EAC region during the study period. Furthermore, there was evidence of stochastic FDI convergence in the region from 2000 â 2017.
We concluded our study by offering policy recommendations guided by our empirical evidence, coupled with the review of relevant empirical and theoretical literatures
Household energy information management system for Africa : a Ugandan case study
Bibliography: leaves 86-89.An information database built through regular planned surveys in a comprehensive manner is the objective of this study. A foundation for periodic up-date of household energy is necessary and requires a proper institutional or structural set up that gives priority to household energy issues. This study explores the fundamental need to shift away from the current ad hoc surveys to a more reliable, systematic, comprehensive and financially effective way of conducting household energy surveys to generate household energy information that is representative of national picture and which supports effective planning and policy-making. Promotion of the importance of the household energy sector in terms of social equity and improved living standards is vital for investors, developers, financiers and policy-makers and planners to improve the sector. Thus the study addresses the appropriate way of obtaining comprehensive household energy information and harmonized data collection methodology through cooperation in information exchange amongst African countries to achieve comparability of data for a common African energy database
An Evaluation of Variation in Soil Test Results Caused by Sampling Methods and Individual Samplers
Soil sampling has been a subject of much study over the past years and has been undertaken for many different purposes. In the agricultural industry, soil sampling is undertaken mostly for the sake of evaluating soil fertility potentials to aid in making fertilizer recommendations. The need for better soil sampling is illustrated by the fact that inadequate sampling often leads to improper use of fertilizer by farmers. The samples are collected and brought to the soil testing laboratories where they are chemically analyzed for the main plant food elements. Fertilizer recommendations based on the soil test results may either be an aid or hindrance to the farmer depending on whether or not the samples reproduce the soils in the fields. The present outcry against indiscriminate use of fertilizer as a source of water pollution dictates a need for research to develop techniques and methods of soil sampling which would be able farmers to collect representative samples. This in turn would lead to appropriate fertilizer recommendations. At present, there are many methods and technique which are being used in collecting soil samples. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the variation in soil test results caused by individual samplers and to see if the use of appropriate sampling directions can reduce this variation
Re-membering the Tutsi Genocide in Hotel Rwanda (2004): Negotiating Reality, History, Autobiography, and Fiction
This paper examines how Terry Georgeâs film Hotel Rwanda participates in memory reconstruction as a trauma aesthetic, and the complex and problematic negotiation between autobiography, history and fiction involved. Based on the life and testimony of Hotel Manager Paul Rusesabagina, which was later textualised in his autobiography An Ordinary Man: the True Story Behind Hotel Rwanda (2006 ), it narrates how Rusesabagina saved the lives of 1268 Tutsis and moderate Hutuâs from Interahamwe death squads. Lauded for publicising the 1994 Tutsi genocide which was seriously underreported at the time, Hotel Rwanda is criticized for exaggerating Rusesabaginaâs heroism, for ignoring the history behind the genocide, trivializing the violence, and undermining the role of other key players in protecting the lives of the hotel refugees.
Using Thomas Leitchâs argument that âBased on a true storyâ films be treated as adaptations, I argue that the filmâs âtrue storyâ claim appeals to a transcendent âMaster textâ that is more reliable than history. But how reliable is the textualised memory of Paul Rusesabagina? How faithful are the screenplay writers to Rusesabaginaâs testimony, and to Rwandan history, and how are these deployed in the film text? What âcinematic apparatusâ does the director employ to visually reconstruct such a traumatic subject matter into a successful piece of infotainment? I undertake the analysis of Hotel Rwanda using Kamilla Elliotâs literature/film adaptation theory of âDe(Re)compositionâ which sees history, autobiography and fiction merge, decompose and recompose into a new reality. The paper seeks to examine the contestation of Hotel Rwandaâs memory construct of the Tutsi genocide, especially the difference between Hollywoodâs âheroic self transcendenceâ versus communal heroism in recorded accounts at the Kigali Genocide Memorial, the artistic and political reinvention of Rusesabagina and its implications for post-genocide reconciliation.
I use Hotel Rwanda, other Rwandan genocide films, books, articles and reviews, and interviews I personally conducted in Kigali in October 2010 as part of my post-doctoral research on âContemporary Western Representations of Africa in Fiction and Film.â This is an interdisciplinary confluence of history, literature and film studies
The Causal Links between FDI and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: A Case Study of the Republic of Rwanda
The study examines the short-run and long-run causality running from real economic growth to real foreign direct investment inflows (RFDI). Other variables such as education (involving combination of primary, secondary and tertiary enrolment as a proxy to education), real development finance, unskilled labour, to real RFDI inflows are included in the study. The time series data covering the period of 1983 -2013 are examined. First, I applied Augmented Dicky-Fuller (ADF) technique to test for unit root in variables. Findings shows all variables integrated of order one [I(1)]. Thereafter, Johansen Co-integration Test (JCT) was conducted to establish the relationship among variables. Both trace and maximum Eigen value at 5% level of significance indicate 3 co-integrated equations. Vector error correction method (VECM) was applied to capture short and long-run causality running from education, economic growth, real development finance, and unskilled labour to real foreign direct investment inflows in the Republic of Rwanda. Findings shows no short-run causality running from education, real development finance, real GDP and unskilled labour to real FDI inflows, however there were existence of long-run causality. This can be interpreted that, in the short-run; education, development finance, finance and economic growth does not influence inflows of foreign direct investment in Rwanda; but it does in long-run. From the policy perspective, the Republic of Rwanda should focus more on long term goal of investing in education to improve human capital, undertake policy reforms that promotes economic growth, in addition to promoting good governance to attract development finance â especially from Nordics countries (particularly Norway and Denmark)
InfluĂȘncia do meio de cultura no crescimento vegetativo e no peso do micĂ©lio de Mycosphaerella fijiensis: implicaçÔes para a produção de inĂłculo
Six (6) culture media (Potato Dextrose Agar, Malt Extract Agar, AFPA Base, Czapek Dox Agar, Nutrient Agar and Yeast Extract), were tested for their effect on colony growth and mycelia weight of Mycosphaerella fijiensis. The isolate of M. fijiensis (Kaw10) produced vegetative mycelial growth on all six-culture media. Culture media effect on the level of vegetative mycelial colonization and mycelia weight was significant. The highest and lowest vegetative mycelia colonization was recorded on malt extract (23.5 mm) and AFPA Base (4.2 mm), respectively. Similarly, culture media effect on mycelia weight was significant. Malt extract agar produced more mycelia weight (0.34g) than the control, PDA (0.11g). Collectively, our data identify malt extract agar as a good medium for improving growth of Mycosphaerella fijiensis. Se analizaron seis (6) medios de cultivo (agar papa dextrosa, agar extracto de malta, base AFPA, agar Czapek Dox, agar nutritivo y extracto de levadura) para determinar su efecto sobre el crecimiento de colonias y el peso del micelio de Mycosphaerella fijiensis. El aislado de M. fijiensis (Kaw10) produjo crecimiento micelial vegetativo en los seis medios de cultivo. El efecto del medio de cultivo sobre el nivel de colonizaciĂłn vegetativa micelial y el peso micelial fue significativo. La mayor y menor colonizaciĂłn vegetativa de micelio se registrĂł en extracto de malta (23,5 mm) y Base AFPA (4,2 mm), respectivamente. Asimismo, el efecto del medio de cultivo sobre el peso de los micelios fue significativo. El agar extracto de malta produjo mĂĄs peso de micelio (0,34 g) que el control, PDA (0,11 g). Colectivamente, nuestros datos identifican el agar de extracto de malta como un buen medio para mejorar el crecimiento de Mycosphaerella fijiensis.Seis (6) meios de cultura (Ăgar Batata Dextrose, Ăgar Extrato de Malte, AFPA Base, Ăgar Czapek Dox, Ăgar Nutriente e Extrato de Leveduras) foram testados quanto ao seu efeito no crescimento da colĂŽnia e no peso do micĂ©lio de Mycosphaerella fijiensis. O isolado de M. fijiensis (Kaw10) produziu crescimento micelial vegetativo em todos os seis meios de cultura. O efeito do meio de cultura no nĂvel de colonização micelial vegetativa e peso micelial foi significativo. A maior e menor colonização micelial vegetativa foi registrada no extrato de malte (23,5 mm) e AFPA Base (4,2 mm), respectivamente. Da mesma forma, o efeito do meio de cultura no peso dos micĂ©lios foi significativo. O Ăgar Extrato de Malte produziu mais peso de micĂ©lio (0,34 g) do que o controle, BDA (0,11 g). Coletivamente, nossos dados identificam o ĂĄgar de extrato de malte como um bom meio para melhorar o crescimento de Mycosphaerella fijiensis
Managing a small scale plantation
Agriculture is gradually taking a new turn in many developing countries. More and more traditional farmers are engaging in semi-commercial ventures. So, farmers need to improve their knowledge of farm management techniques. Farm anagement deals with decision making and problems at the farm level, regardless of size or type of farm. Both small-scale and plantation farmers require a basic understanding of farm management to undertake viable farm ventures.
a Small-scale Plantation is a teaching manual aimed at showing important, basic concepts of farm management for the smallholder, in traditional and commercial farming conditions. It can also serve as an elementary introductory teaching manual for students of agriculture, and extension officers.
The manual is devoted to basic concepts of farm management a tool for decision making, record
keeping, farm enterprises analyses, simple farm accounting, and budgeting. Unlike most traditional text books, this is written in simple English, involving simple mathematical procedures, and layout. With this in mind, the authors hope that farmers from all walks of life, extension officers, and students learn and apply the basic principles of farm management, to whatever they do.
The originality of our presentation is derived from our diverse ideas, background and experience in the South Pacific Region. However, we acknowledge the ideas of friends, participants and students who were instrumental in shaping our original ideas. We are also indebted to the Government of Vanuatu, who, through the Department of Agriculture and the University of the South Pacific Centre in Vanuatu, provided the venue for the regional workshop on this subject.
Our special thanks go to the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation for its sponsorship, and in particular Dr. T.M. Narain, CTA Technical adviser, for his support.
we extend appreciation to the Institute for Research, Extension and Training in Agriculture of the University of the South Pacific, through which the training workshops are organised.This manual is devoted to basic concepts of farm management a tool for decision making, record
keeping, farm enterprises analyses, simple farm accounting, and budgeting
A missed diagnosis or a masquerading disease: back to the basics
A 23-year-old gravid Ugandan female at 26 weeks was admitted to the maternity ward with sweats, abdominal pain, feeling of apprehension and palpitations. A diagnosis of pre-eclampsia was made and treatment with magnesium sulphate initiated. She was later transferred to intensive care unit for monitoring and control of blood pressure. Due to her labile blood pressures despite intravenous hydralazine and metoprolol, the pregnancy was terminated. However, she continued to have labile blood pressures. Better control of blood pressure was achieved on oral prazocin and nifedipine. The patient was then transferred to floor and discharged home a few days later. An abdominal computed-tomography scan showed a solid lobulated right paravertebral mass superio-medial to the right kidney. An open adrenelectomy was performed and antihypertensives discontinued. Histopathology revealed a benign pheochromocytoma. The mother had good post-operative outcome; however the premature baby died 2 days later in the special care unit.Key words: Pre-eclampsia, magnesium sulphate, pheochromocytoma, blood pressure
Coming to America: Challenges and difficulties faced by African student athletes
There is a considerable lack of literature on international student athletes despite the extent to which colleges and universities are increasingly relying on them to heighten the winning reputation of their sports programs. This research focuses on international student athletes from Africa. Based on interviews of 16 student athletes from seven different African countries, the range of their experiences upon entering universities in the United States, particularly their challenges, were identified. Many of the serious issues affecting the student athletes were matters related to the host environment\u27s underestimations about the African student athletes\u27 desires to learn, misunderstandings about their culture and religions and other negative assumptions that undermined their academic success. We also found that the vast majority of these student athletes experienced negative stereotypes and discrimination based on their race and their region of origin. © 2011 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Hepatitis B and HIV co-infection is still treated using lamivudine-only antiretroviral therapy combination in Uganda
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV are endemic in Uganda. Co-infection is common and leads to rapid progression of liver disease. Burden of co-infection is unknown yet most patients are on lamivudine-only ART where resistance is frequent. Most patients are initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART) without knowing their HBV status.Objectives: To determine burden of co-infection and HBV viral suppression among patients on ART in NorthernUganda.Methods: We recruited HIV infected adult patients on ART in a cross-sectional study. Age, sex, ART regimen and duration were recorded. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBcAb) and liver panel were performed. For those HBsAg+, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and HBV DNA were performed. CD4 cell count was recorded.Results: Three hundred patients were recruited. Twenty (6.7%) were co-infected, while 41% were anti-HBcAb+. Overall 188 (62.7%) were on lamivudine- only HBV active drug. Median ART duration 2 years (IQR 1-5), mean CD4+ cell count 317 cells/microlitre (SD 255-557). Of 20 HIV/HBV co-infected, 11/20 (55%) were on lamivudine-only ART, median duration 1.5 years. Nineteen (95%) had undetectable HBV DNA. Seventeen (85%) were HBeAg negative. Mean CD4+ cell count 327 cells/microlitre (SD 197-482).Conclusion: A large proportion of patients were on lamivudine- only HBV-active ART. Resistance may occur long term thus testing for HBV and correct ART is recommendedKey words: HIV, HBV, Co-infection, Treatmen
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