Medición y análisis de la dinámica de la pobreza multidimensional en Chile: 1990-2015

52 p.Desde los inicios del estudio de la pobreza hasta inicios del siglo XXI se consideró a la metodología unidimensional basada en ingresos como la única medida para medir los niveles de pobreza en una población. Basado en este enfoque, durante los últimos 25 años y de acuerdo a las cifras Chile ha sido considerado como uno de los casos más exitosos de superación pobreza monetaria en Latinoamérica y en el mundo. Sin embargo, desde la década del 80’, dados los aportes del economista Amartya Sen, la pobreza cambia su paradigma y se asocia no a una simple carencia de ingresos sino como un conjunto de capacidades insuficientes para conseguir los funcionamientos básicos en un individuo. Basado en esta nueva concepción, a inicio del siglo XXI, Sabine Alkire y James Foster proponen una medición multidimensional de la pobreza. Ésta, mide un conjunto de carencias sociales relacionadas con la calidad de vida como lo son Educación, Salud, Vivienda, Trabajo y Seguridad Social. Luego el índice se implementa a partir del 2013 en Chile, impulsado por el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social de Chile. El objetivo principal de este estudio es construir una serie histórica a partir de las encuestas CASEN que permita medir la prevalencia y la intensidad de la pobreza multidimensional desde 1990 a 2015, medir los niveles de carencia de indicadores y dimensiones del IPM y, posteriormente, estimar los niveles de correlación entre el IPM y la pobreza monetaria. Los resultados arrojan que, durante este periodo, existe una baja tanto en la proporción de hogares nacionales bajo la línea de pobreza multidimensional como en el porcentaje promedio de carencias que sufre un hogar pobre multidimensionalmente. La correlación entre ambas medidas de pobreza no es alta. además, las dimensiones de Trabajo y Seguridad Social, Salud, Educación y Vivienda aportan significativamente a explicar los niveles y la distribución de la pobreza multidimensional en el país durante el periodo de estudio

Efecto de los cortes de poda sobre la viabilidad de la madera en vides cv. Cabernet Sauvignon manejadas bajo el sistema de poda de multipitón

66 p.La labor de poda de la vid implica la generación de cortes en distintos órganos de la planta. Estos cortes producen la exposición de la zona vascular de la vid por lo que, de manera natural, se produce la deshidratación y muerte de las células adyacentes al lugar en donde se efectuó el corte, lo que a su vez genera una barrera entre el sistema vascular de la planta y el medio ambiente. Este fenómeno tiene como resultado el necrosamiento de la madera bajo la herida, lo que trae consigo efectos potencialmente dañinos como la obstrucción parcial del sistema vascular generando el debilitamiento de la planta o la muerte de la misma, si se generara la obstrucción total del flujo de savia hacia órganos como las raíces o el follaje. De acuerdo a lo anterior, se realizó un estudio que tuvo como objetivo general determinar el efecto de los cortes de poda sobre la viabilidad de la madera, en estructuras permanentes y nopermanentes en vides cv. Cabernet Sauvignon manejadas bajo el sistema de poda de multipitón, durante la temporada 2015-2016. El presente trabajo se realizó en los laboratorios del Centro <Tecnológico de la Vid y el Vino (CTVV) de la Universidad de Talca, para lo cual se colectaron plantas desde un viñedo de propiedad de Viña San Pedro Tarapacá Wine Group, ubicado en Molina, Chile. Del análisis de la información colectada se determinó que cuando se realizan cortes de poda en maderas menores a 2 años de edad, la profundidad del necrosamiento no tiene relación con el diámetro de la estructura eliminada (R2=0,00). No obstante lo anterior, se encontró que la profundidad del necrosamiento tiene relación directa con la presencia de un nudo (R2=0,99). Por último, el nivel de madera necrosada (desecada) encontrado en individuos completos (diseccionados) fluctúa desde un 5 a 45% del total de los tejidos conductores de la planta. Para concluir, se logró evidenciar la importancia que tiene el diafragma en la detención del avance del necrosamiento, cuando el corte se realiza en madera de hasta 2 años y la gran riabilidad de daños que pueden existir en los individuos completos. Palabras Clave: Cabernet Sauvignon; Cortes de Poda; Diafragma; Heridas de Poda; Necrosamiento; Sistema Vascular./ ABSTRACT: Grapevine pruning implies the generation of cuts in different organs of the plant. These cuts produce the exposure of the vine´s vascular system, leading to a natural dehydration and further death of the cells adjacent to the place where the cuts are made. That in turn, generates a barrier between the plant´s vascular system and the environment. This phenomenon results in the production of necrotic wood near the pruning cut that translates into potentially harmful effects for the vine such as the partial obstruction of the vascular system. This can lead to the weakening of the plant or eventually its death by total blockage of sap flow to organs such as roots or shoots. Considering this, a study was carried out aiming to determine the effect of pruning cuts on the viability of the wood adjacent to the cuts, in both permanent and non-permanent structures. To accomplish this cordon trained – multi spur pruned vines of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon were harvested from a vineyard property of San Pedro Tarapacá Wine Group, located in Molina-Chile during the 2015-2016 season. The experimental work and image analysis of samples was carried out in the Grape & Wine Technology Center laboratories (CTVV) at the University of Talca - Chile. Based on the data obtained from image analysis of samples collected, it was determined that for pruning cuts made in woods less than 2 years old, the depth of the wood damage was not related to the diameter of the structure eliminated (R2=0.00). Additionally, it was found that the depth of the necrotic (dead) wood was directly related to the presence of a node (R2=0.99). Finally, the level of dry damaged wood found in complete individuals (fully dissected) fluctuates from 5 to 45% of the total of the conductive tissues of the plants. Finally, the results obtained demonstrated the importance of the diaphragm in the arrest of the advancement of necrotic wood for cuts made in wood up to 2 years old and the great variability of the amount of damaged wood that can present in complete individuals still living. Key Words: Cabernet Sauvignon; Pruning Cuts; Diaphragm; Necrotic; Pruning Wounds;Vascular System

Research Data in Astronomy: Assessing its Impact and Visibility through a Bibliometric Analysis

In the context of the Open Access and Open Science initiatives, Research Data Management becomes relevant and of current interest to researchers, libraries, and institutions that contribute to the development of scientific knowledge. Particularly in Astronomy, it is a challenge to convert, standardize, process, and arrange large volumes of information and data (estimated in several petabytes), coming from the results of astronomical observations, astronomical catalogs, computational codes, among others, which constitute a fundamental initial step in scientific research [1]. Due to this, and the limited studies on this subject, a bibliometric methodology was applied to analyze indexed datasets in the Data Citation Index (Web of Science, Clarivate Analytics) in the Astronomy & Astrophysics category, for the period 2010-2019, allowing to identify annual evolutions, countries, and institutions with higher productivity, main repositories, and hosting platforms used in publications indexed in Web of Science. The analysis was complemented with InCites (Clarivate Analytics) bibliometric tools to determine the linkage of the publications with the datasets and their impact. The results from this study show a substantial increase in the number of indexed datasets provided by institutions in the United States, United Kingdom, Spain, and Chile, during the analyzed period. In turn, the publications that cite the main datasets show superior performances in the number of citations and the standardized impact, among other productivity and impact metrics

Research Data in Astronomy: Assessing its Impact and Visibility through a Bibliometric Analysis

In the context of the Open Access and Open Science initiatives, Research Data Management becomes relevant and of current interest to researchers, libraries, and institutions that contribute to the development of scientific knowledge. Particularly in Astronomy, it is a challenge to convert, standardize, process, and arrange large volumes of information and data (estimated in several petabytes), coming from the results of astronomical observations, astronomical catalogs, computational codes, among others, which constitute a fundamental initial step in scientific research [1]. Due to this, and the limited studies on this subject, a bibliometric methodology was applied to analyze indexed datasets in the Data Citation Index (Web of Science, Clarivate Analytics) in the Astronomy & Astrophysics category, for the period 2010-2019, allowing to identify annual evolutions, countries, and institutions with higher productivity, main repositories, and hosting platforms used in publications indexed in Web of Science. The analysis was complemented with InCites (Clarivate Analytics) bibliometric tools to determine the linkage of the publications with the datasets and their impact. The results from this study show a substantial increase in the number of indexed datasets provided by institutions in the United States, United Kingdom, Spain, and Chile, during the analyzed period. In turn, the publications that cite the main datasets show superior performances in the number of citations and the standardized impact, among other productivity and impact metrics

Reflexiones sobre una experiencia educativa para niñeces y juventudes rurales: el caso del proyecto “Desde las Raíces” de Caracol Psicosocial A.C.

Reflexões sobre uma experiência educativa para crianças e jovens rurais: o caso do projeto “Desde as Raízes” de Caracol Psicossocial A.C. Este artigo visa relatar a experiência no trabalho desenvolvido entre 2011 e 2017 com crianças e jovens no âmbito do Projeto "Desde as Raízes" da associação civil Caracol Psicossocial, localizada na comunidade de Palos Altos, no município de Ixtlahuacán del Río, no estado de Jalisco, México, e os impactos subsequentes que este tem tido diretamente nas suas vidas. Para estes fins, falaremos sobre as origens do projeto educativo, as contribuições teóricas que o alimentam, as ações empreendidas ao longo do tempo, bem como algumas histórias que narram os impactos nas trajetórias biográficas dos participantes e, finalmente, uma reflexão sobre o que significou para os autores deste texto fazerem parte deste projeto. Palavras-chave: juventude rural, psicologia social, educação ambiental. &nbsp; Reflexiones sobre una experiencia educativa para niñeces y juventudes rurales: el caso del proyecto “Desde las Raíces” de Caracol Psicosocial A.C. RESUMEN. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo hacer un recorrido por la experiencia en el trabajo desarrollado entre 2011 y 2017 con niñeces y juventudes dentro del Proyecto “Desde las Raíces” de la asociación civil Caracol Psicosocial, ubicada en la comunidad de Palos Altos en el municipio de Ixtlahuacán del Río en el estado de Jalisco, México, y los impactos posteriores que esta ha tenido de forma directa en sus vidas.&nbsp; Para estos fines, se hablará de los orígenes del proyecto educativo, los aportes teóricos que lo nutren y alimentan, las acciones emprendidas a lo largo del tiempo, además de algunos relatos que narran los impactos en las trayectorias biográficas de los participantes y, por último, una reflexión sobre lo que ha significado para los autores del presente texto el formar parte de este proyecto. Palabras clave: juventudes rurales, psicología social, educación ambiental. &nbsp; Reflections on an educational experience for rural children and youth: the case of the project “From the Roots” of Caracol Psychosocial A.C. ABSTRACT. The purpose of this article is to review the experience of the work developed between 2011 and 2017 with children and youth within the "From the Roots" Project of the civil association Caracol Psicosocial, located in the community of Palos Altos in the municipality of Ixtlahuacán del Río in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, and the subsequent impacts it has had directly on their lives.&nbsp; For these purposes, we will discuss the origins of the educational project, the theoretical contributions that nurture and feed it, the actions undertaken over time, in addition to some stories that narrate the impacts on the biographical trajectories of the participants and, finally, a reflection on what it has meant for the authors of this text to be part of this project. Keywords: rural youth, social psychology, environmental education.Reflexões sobre uma experiência educativa para crianças e jovens rurais: o caso do projeto “Desde as Raízes” de Caracol Psicossocial A.C. Este artigo visa relatar a experiência no trabalho desenvolvido entre 2011 e 2017 com crianças e jovens no âmbito do Projeto "Desde as Raízes" da associação civil Caracol Psicossocial, localizada na comunidade de Palos Altos, no município de Ixtlahuacán del Río, no estado de Jalisco, México, e os impactos subsequentes que este tem tido diretamente nas suas vidas. Para estes fins, falaremos sobre as origens do projeto educativo, as contribuições teóricas que o alimentam, as ações empreendidas ao longo do tempo, bem como algumas histórias que narram os impactos nas trajetórias biográficas dos participantes e, finalmente, uma reflexão sobre o que significou para os autores deste texto fazerem parte deste projeto. Palavras-chave: juventude rural, psicologia social, educação ambiental. &nbsp; Reflexiones sobre una experiencia educativa para niñeces y juventudes rurales: el caso del proyecto “Desde las Raíces” de Caracol Psicosocial A.C. RESUMEN. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo hacer un recorrido por la experiencia en el trabajo desarrollado entre 2011 y 2017 con niñeces y juventudes dentro del Proyecto “Desde las Raíces” de la asociación civil Caracol Psicosocial, ubicada en la comunidad de Palos Altos en el municipio de Ixtlahuacán del Río en el estado de Jalisco, México, y los impactos posteriores que esta ha tenido de forma directa en sus vidas.&nbsp; Para estos fines, se hablará de los orígenes del proyecto educativo, los aportes teóricos que lo nutren y alimentan, las acciones emprendidas a lo largo del tiempo, además de algunos relatos que narran los impactos en las trayectorias biográficas de los participantes y, por último, una reflexión sobre lo que ha significado para los autores del presente texto el formar parte de este proyecto. Palabras clave: juventudes rurales, psicología social, educación ambiental. &nbsp; Reflections on an educational experience for rural children and youth: the case of the project “From the Roots” of Caracol Psychosocial A.C. ABSTRACT. The purpose of this article is to review the experience of the work developed between 2011 and 2017 with children and youth within the "From the Roots" Project of the civil association Caracol Psicosocial, located in the community of Palos Altos in the municipality of Ixtlahuacán del Río in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, and the subsequent impacts it has had directly on their lives.&nbsp; For these purposes, we will discuss the origins of the educational project, the theoretical contributions that nurture and feed it, the actions undertaken over time, in addition to some stories that narrate the impacts on the biographical trajectories of the participants and, finally, a reflection on what it has meant for the authors of this text to be part of this project. Keywords: rural youth, social psychology, environmental education.Reflexões sobre uma experiência educativa para crianças e jovens rurais: o caso do projeto “Desde as Raízes” de Caracol Psicossocial A.C. Este artigo visa relatar a experiência no trabalho desenvolvido entre 2011 e 2017 com crianças e jovens no âmbito do Projeto "Desde as Raízes" da associação civil Caracol Psicossocial, localizada na comunidade de Palos Altos, no município de Ixtlahuacán del Río, no estado de Jalisco, México, e os impactos subsequentes que este tem tido diretamente nas suas vidas. Para estes fins, falaremos sobre as origens do projeto educativo, as contribuições teóricas que o alimentam, as ações empreendidas ao longo do tempo, bem como algumas histórias que narram os impactos nas trajetórias biográficas dos participantes e, finalmente, uma reflexão sobre o que significou para os autores deste texto fazerem parte deste projeto. Palavras-chave: juventude rural, psicologia social, educação ambiental. &nbsp; Reflexiones sobre una experiencia educativa para niñeces y juventudes rurales: el caso del proyecto “Desde las Raíces” de Caracol Psicosocial A.C. RESUMEN. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo hacer un recorrido por la experiencia en el trabajo desarrollado entre 2011 y 2017 con niñeces y juventudes dentro del Proyecto “Desde las Raíces” de la asociación civil Caracol Psicosocial, ubicada en la comunidad de Palos Altos en el municipio de Ixtlahuacán del Río en el estado de Jalisco, México, y los impactos posteriores que esta ha tenido de forma directa en sus vidas.&nbsp; Para estos fines, se hablará de los orígenes del proyecto educativo, los aportes teóricos que lo nutren y alimentan, las acciones emprendidas a lo largo del tiempo, además de algunos relatos que narran los impactos en las trayectorias biográficas de los participantes y, por último, una reflexión sobre lo que ha significado para los autores del presente texto el formar parte de este proyecto. Palabras clave: juventudes rurales, psicología social, educación ambiental. &nbsp; Reflections on an educational experience for rural children and youth: the case of the project “From the Roots” of Caracol Psychosocial A.C. ABSTRACT. The purpose of this article is to review the experience of the work developed between 2011 and 2017 with children and youth within the "From the Roots" Project of the civil association Caracol Psicosocial, located in the community of Palos Altos in the municipality of Ixtlahuacán del Río in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, and the subsequent impacts it has had directly on their lives.&nbsp; For these purposes, we will discuss the origins of the educational project, the theoretical contributions that nurture and feed it, the actions undertaken over time, in addition to some stories that narrate the impacts on the biographical trajectories of the participants and, finally, a reflection on what it has meant for the authors of this text to be part of this project. Keywords: rural youth, social psychology, environmental education.Reflexões sobre uma experiência educativa para crianças e jovens rurais: o caso do projeto “Desde as Raízes” de Caracol Psicossocial A.C. Este artigo visa relatar a experiência no trabalho desenvolvido entre 2011 e 2017 com crianças e jovens no âmbito do Projeto "Desde as Raízes" da associação civil Caracol Psicossocial, localizada na comunidade de Palos Altos, no município de Ixtlahuacán del Río, no estado de Jalisco, México, e os impactos subsequentes que este tem tido diretamente nas suas vidas. Para estes fins, falaremos sobre as origens do projeto educativo, as contribuições teóricas que o alimentam, as ações empreendidas ao longo do tempo, bem como algumas histórias que narram os impactos nas trajetórias biográficas dos participantes e, finalmente, uma reflexão sobre o que significou para os autores deste texto fazerem parte deste projeto. Palavras-chave: juventude rural, psicologia social, educação ambiental. &nbsp; Reflexiones sobre una experiencia educativa para niñeces y juventudes rurales: el caso del proyecto “Desde las Raíces” de Caracol Psicosocial A.C. RESUMEN. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo hacer un recorrido por la experiencia en el trabajo desarrollado entre 2011 y 2017 con niñeces y juventudes dentro del Proyecto “Desde las Raíces” de la asociación civil Caracol Psicosocial, ubicada en la comunidad de Palos Altos en el municipio de Ixtlahuacán del Río en el estado de Jalisco, México, y los impactos posteriores que esta ha tenido de forma directa en sus vidas.&nbsp; Para estos fines, se hablará de los orígenes del proyecto educativo, los aportes teóricos que lo nutren y alimentan, las acciones emprendidas a lo largo del tiempo, además de algunos relatos que narran los impactos en las trayectorias biográficas de los participantes y, por último, una reflexión sobre lo que ha significado para los autores del presente texto el formar parte de este proyecto. Palabras clave: juventudes rurales, psicología social, educación ambiental. &nbsp; Reflections on an educational experience for rural children and youth: the case of the project “From the Roots” of Caracol Psychosocial A.C. ABSTRACT. The purpose of this article is to review the experience of the work developed between 2011 and 2017 with children and youth within the "From the Roots" Project of the civil association Caracol Psicosocial, located in the community of Palos Altos in the municipality of Ixtlahuacán del Río in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, and the subsequent impacts it has had directly on their lives.&nbsp; For these purposes, we will discuss the origins of the educational project, the theoretical contributions that nurture and feed it, the actions undertaken over time, in addition to some stories that narrate the impacts on the biographical trajectories of the participants and, finally, a reflection on what it has meant for the authors of this text to be part of this project. Keywords: rural youth, social psychology, environmental education.Reflexões sobre uma experiência educativa para crianças e jovens rurais: o caso do projeto “Desde as Raízes” de Caracol Psicossocial A.C. Este artigo visa relatar a experiência no trabalho desenvolvido entre 2011 e 2017 com crianças e jovens no âmbito do Projeto "Desde as Raízes" da associação civil Caracol Psicossocial, localizada na comunidade de Palos Altos, no município de Ixtlahuacán del Río, no estado de Jalisco, México, e os impactos subsequentes que este tem tido diretamente nas suas vidas. Para estes fins, falaremos sobre as origens do projeto educativo, as contribuições teóricas que o alimentam, as ações empreendidas ao longo do tempo, bem como algumas histórias que narram os impactos nas trajetórias biográficas dos participantes e, finalmente, uma reflexão sobre o que significou para os autores deste texto fazerem parte deste projeto. Palavras-chave: juventude rural, psicologia social, educação ambiental. &nbsp; Reflexiones sobre una experiencia educativa para niñeces y juventudes rurales: el caso del proyecto “Desde las Raíces” de Caracol Psicosocial A.C. RESUMEN. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo hacer un recorrido por la experiencia en el trabajo desarrollado entre 2011 y 2017 con niñeces y juventudes dentro del Proyecto “Desde las Raíces” de la asociación civil Caracol Psicosocial, ubicada en la comunidad de Palos Altos en el municipio de Ixtlahuacán del Río en el estado de Jalisco, México, y los impactos posteriores que esta ha tenido de forma directa en sus vidas.&nbsp; Para estos fines, se hablará de los orígenes del proyecto educativo, los aportes teóricos que lo nutren y alimentan, las acciones emprendidas a lo largo del tiempo, además de algunos relatos que narran los impactos en las trayectorias biográficas de los participantes y, por último, una reflexión sobre lo que ha significado para los autores del presente texto el formar parte de este proyecto. Palabras clave: juventudes rurales, psicología social, educación ambiental. &nbsp; Reflections on an educational experience for rural children and youth: the case of the project “From the Roots” of Caracol Psychosocial A.C. ABSTRACT. The purpose of this article is to review the experience of the work developed between 2011 and 2017 with children and youth within the "From the Roots" Project of the civil association Caracol Psicosocial, located in the community of Palos Altos in the municipality of Ixtlahuacán del Río in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, and the subsequent impacts it has had directly on their lives.&nbsp; For these purposes, we will discuss the origins of the educational project, the theoretical contributions that nurture and feed it, the actions undertaken over time, in addition to some stories that narrate the impacts on the biographical trajectories of the participants and, finally, a reflection on what it has meant for the authors of this text to be part of this project. Keywords: rural youth, social psychology, environmental education

Rapid homeostatic downregulation of LTP by extrasynaptic GluN2B receptors

Although the activation of extrasynaptic GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease, their physiological function remains unknown. In this study, we found that extrasynaptic GluN2B receptors play a homeostatic role by antagonizing long-term potentiation (LTP) induction under conditions of prolonged synaptic stimulation. In particular, we have previously found that brief theta-pulse stimulation (5 Hz for 30 s) triggers robust LTP, whereas longer stimulation times (5 Hz for 3 min) have no effect on basal synaptic transmission in the hippocampal CA1 region. Here, we show that prolonged stimulation blocked LTP by activating extrasynaptic GluN2B receptors via glutamate spillover. In addition, we found that this homeostatic mechanism was absent in slices from the SAP102 knockout, providing evidence for a functional coupling between extrasynaptic GluN2B and the SAP102 scaffold protein. In conclusion, we uncovered a rapid homeostatic mechanism that antagonizes LTP induction via the activation of extrasynaptic GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although long-term potentiation (LTP) is an attractive model for memory storage, it tends to destabilize neuronal circuits because it drives synapses toward a maximum value. Unless opposed by homeostatic mechanisms operating through negative feedback rules, cumulative LTP could render synapses unable to encode additional information. In this study, we uncovered a rapid homeostatic mechanism that antagonizes LTP induction under conditions of prolonged synaptic stimulation via the activation of an extrasynaptic GluN2B-SAP102 complex

Synapse-associated protein 102/dlgh3 couples the NMDA receptor to specific plasticity pathways and learning strategies

Understanding the mechanisms whereby information encoded within patterns of action potentials is deciphered by neurons is central to cognitive psychology. The multiprotein complexes formed by NMDA receptors linked to synaptic membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) proteins including synapse-associated protein 102 (SAP102) and other associated proteins are instrumental in these processes. Although humans with mutations in SAP102 show mental retardation, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved are unknown. Using SAP102 knock-out mice, we found specific impairments in synaptic plasticity induced by selective frequencies of stimulation that also required extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling. This was paralleled by inflexibility and impairment in spatial learning. Improvement in spatial learning performance occurred with extra training despite continued use of a suboptimal search strategy, and, in a separate nonspatial task, the mutants again deployed a different strategy. Double-mutant analysis of postsynaptic density-95 and SAP102 mutants indicate overlapping and specific functions of the two MAGUKs. These in vivo data support the model that specific MAGUK proteins couple the NMDA receptor to distinct downstream signaling pathways. This provides a mechanism for discriminating patterns of synaptic activity that lead to long-lasting changes in synaptic strength as well as distinct aspects of cognition in the mammalian nervous system