How and why do young soccer players change the Flow State?

Flow State (FS) as well as other psychological characteristics influence sports performance (SP) and could be relevant according to the playing position in team sports, such as the soccer where players have different specific functions within the team. The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference in FS dimensions in young soccer players between training time (TR) and official competition time (CM), according to the playing position and, to find relationships between FS dimensions and physical characteristics and academic performance. A total of 141 U16 soccer players were selected (14.7 ± 0.5 years). Data was collected for academic performance, physical and socio-demographic characteristics, and on two occasions, the dimensions of FS (before of a TR and CM). The results showed that the FS dimensions are higher before of the TR than before of the CM (p < 0.05) in all playing positions. In clear goals dimension, forwards showed lower scores than other playing positions, and various dimensions had a positive relationship with academic performance. In conclusion, the FS presented in CM is lower in U16 soccer players compared to that presented in TR. This work has contributed to increasing the knowledge of the fluctuation of the FS that negatively influence the soccer player in pre-competition states and the influence of various factors on this construct

Adherencia al patrón de dieta mediterránea y autoconcepto en adolescentes

Introduction: adolescence is characterized by being a decisive phase that consolidates both the personality development (attending to various psychosocial factors that influence), and the achievement of habits that will be established in adulthood. Objectives: to relate the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) in adolescents with the self-concept dimensions. Methods: cross-sectional observational study of the adherence to MD level through the MEDAS-14 test and perception of the academic, social, emotional, family and physical dimensions of the self-concept, evaluated through the AF-5 test in 600 adolescents from the south of Spain. Results: the adherence to MD was positively related to the academic level, age and academic self-concept (r = 0.19 to 0.33, p < 0.01), being predicted by 13% of the variance explained by the academic self-concept, and 13.8%, for the academic and social self-concept (p < 0.01). In addition, 58.3% of adolescents presented high adherence to MD and 13.3% and 28.3%, low and medium adherence to MD, respectively, with a mean of 8.8 points, corresponding to an average assessment. Conclusions: the main findings of this study show that adherence to MD is related to academic and social self-concept, age and academic level, which reflects clear food awareness as these variables are evidenced. In addition, adolescents have an average adherence to MD, corresponding to a strict dietary pattern, although not healthy.Introducción: la adolescencia se caracteriza por ser una fase decisiva que consolida tanto el desarrollo de la personalidad, atendiendo a diversos factores psicosociales que influyen, como la adquisición de hábitos que se establecerán en la adultez. Objetivos: relacionar la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (DM) en adolescentes con las dimensiones del autoconcepto. Métodos: estudio observacional transversal descriptivo de nivel de adherencia a la DM a través del test de MEDAS-14 y percepción de las dimensiones académica, social, emocional, familiar y física del autoconcepto, evaluado a través del test AF-5 en 600 adolescentes del sur de España. Resultados: la adherencia a la DM se relacionó positivamente con el nivel académico, la edad y el autoconcepto académico (r = 0,19 a 0,33; p < 0,01), siendo predicha por un 13% de la varianza explicada por el autoconcepto académico y un 13,8%, por el autoconcepto académico y social (p < 0,01). Además, el 58,3% de los adolescentes presentaron una adherencia a la DM alta y el 13,3% y el 28,3%, una adherencia a la DM baja y media, respectivamente. La media fue de 8,8 puntos, que corresponde a una valoración media. Conclusiones: los principales hallazgos de este estudio muestran que la adherencia a la DM se relaciona con el autoconcepto académico y social, la edad y el nivel académico, que reflejan una clara concienciación alimentaria conforme se evidencian dichas variables. Además, la población adolescente tiene una adherencia a la DM media, que corresponde a un patrón dietético estricto aunque no saludable

National vs. Non-national Soccer Referee: Physiological, Physical and Psychological Characteristics

Purpose: The objectives of the present study were to analyze the relationship between psychological variables (self-esteem, anxiety and self-confidence) assessed before the competition and physical and physiological responses demonstrated during the competition in soccer referees and to compare these psychophysical and physiological responses by category (CAT; national and non-national). Method: A total of 153 soccer referees participated (age Mage = 23.2; SD = 4.8 years; experience Mage = 6.0; SD = 4.5 years) in the study. The CSAI-2 and Rosenberg questionnaires were conducted before the match, and match performance data were collected using GPS devices. Results: The results showed significant differences in self-esteem and self-confidence across CATs (p [removed] .84). The national referees had higher psychological and physical-physiological responses (mean and maximum heart rate) Some correlations were observed among the psychophysical and physiological responses, CAT and age, demonstrating that the age could explain up to 48.4% of the variance the referee CAT (p < .001) and this CAT could explain self-esteem, anxiety and self-confidence by up to 20% of the variance. Conclusions: national referees presented better psychological responses prior to the competition, and also obtained greater physical and physiological records, which could be translated into a better position on the pitch in conflicting plays in order to make a right and just decision. © 2021 SHAPE America

Does the arbitral category influence in the adherence to the mediterranean diet and body composition?

The aims of this study were toanalyze the body composition of the soccer referees according to the category and to assess the relationship with the Mediterranean Diet (MD) adherence.It was a randomly constituted with 153 soccer referees (age M = 23.2; SD = 4.8 years; BMI M = 23.41; SD = 2.86 kg/m2), originating two groups based on the category (national and non-national). Participants completed the MD adherence questionnaire (MEDAS-14), a sociodemographic test and for body composition, a bio-impedance bascule was used. T-test was performed in order to compare between categories and Pearson correlation coefficient and Chi square for associations between nutritional and body composition variables.The results showed that highest category(national referees) have a lower BMI and fat mass percentage (p 0.40), fat mass percentage (r = -0.403) or BMI (r = -0.248), as well as with MD adherence and these last two variables (r > -0.24).Toconclude, MD adherence and training influence soccer referee body composition, and could be the important for category promotion.Los objetivos del estudio fueron analizar la composi-ción corporal de los árbitros de fútbol en función de su categoría y evaluar su relación con la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (DM). Existe una muestra aleatoria de 153 árbitros de fútbol (edad M = 23.2; DT = 4.8 años; IMC M = 23.41; DT = 2.86 kg/m2), divididos en dos gru-pos (nacionales y no nacionales) a partir de su categoría. Se realizaron los cuestionarios MEDAS-14 de adherencia a la DM, un test sociodemográfico y de bioimpedancia para la composición corporal. Se implementó un t-test para comparación entre categorías y coeficiente de co-rrelación de Pearson y Chi cuadrado para asociaciones entre variables nutricionales y composición corporal. Los resultados revelaron que las categorías más altas (nacionales), tienen menor porcentaje de masa grasa e IMC (p 0.40), porcentaje de masa grasa (r = -0.403) o IMC (r = -0.248), así como con la adherencia a la DM y estas dos últimas variables (r > -0.24). Como conclusión, la adherencia a la DM y el entrenamiento influyen en la composición corporal del árbitro, siendo fundamental para la promoción de categoría

Analyzing the relationship between self-efficacy and impulsivity in amateur soccer referees

Soccer referees (SRs) are exposed to stressful situations during the competition that can affect decision-making, could be affected by impulsivity during the competition and therefore, require optimal psychological skills. The objective of this study was to ascertain and analyze the relationship between levels of impulsivity and self-efficacy of amateur SRs in the senior category. A total of 21 Spanish SRs participated in this study (age 23.57 +/- 2.40 years and 7.81 +/- 2.58 seasons of experience). Self-efficacy data were collected with the REFS questionnaire between 48 and 72 h before the competition. The impulsivity data were collected using the UPPS-P questionnaire 60 min before the start the competition. The results indicate that SRs with higher self-efficacy have lower levels of impulsivity, specifically in the dimensions of negative urgency (p < 0.01), positive urgency (p < 0.05), lack of premeditation (p < 0.001), and lack of perseverance (p < 0.001), as well as lower global impulsivity (p < 0.01). However, the SRs with the highest self-efficacy also obtained higher levels in the sensation seeking dimension (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the main finding of this study showed that self-efficacy is influenced by SR impulsivity prior to competition. These novel facts allow us to discover aspects related to decision-making in refereeing that can be trained to reach optimal levels

Does the psychological profile influence the position of promising young futsal players?

Stress control as well as other psychological characteristics influence sports performance (SP) and could be relevant according to the playing position in team sports, such as the futsal where players have different specific functions within the team. The aim of this study was to analyze the psychological characteristics and profile related to SP of top-level young futsal players, according to the offensive or defensive role. A total of one hundred sixty-seven young promises futsal players participated in this study (84 U16 and 83 U19) and have been chosen to play Championship of Spain Selections. The Psychological Characteristics related to SP for soccer players Questionnaire was used, and one-way ANOVA test was performed based on the playing position (goalkeeper, defender and defender-wing, wing and wing-defender, pivot and wing-pivot, and universal). Results showed that goalkeepers had the best psychological profile and characteristics related to SP. Pivots and wing-pivots had less self-confidence, and universals players, less stress control in relation to the rest of the playing positions (p < 0.05). The main findings revealed that the psychological characteristics and profile related to SP in young promises futsal players are different according to the playing position, and this study suggest the inclusion of psychological-training programs in order to improve the psychological abilities of players, especially for players with offensive role who seek to score goals

Comparison between Sexes of the Relationships between Body Composition and Maximum Oxygen Volume in Elderly People

Background: Performing physical activity can provide a variety of benefits; for example, it can improve one's physical condition, decrease one's fat mass, and increase one's muscle mass. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationships between the cardiorespiratory resistance and physical characteristics of people over 60 years of age. Methods: A total of 31 participants over 60 years of age from the province of Malaga (Spain) joined the study voluntarily. Results: The aerobic capacity test, called the Rockport One Mile, was carried out, and Spearman correlation and linear regression analyses between the volume of oxygen (VO2) and the body weight, body mass index (BMI) and age of the participants were performed. The results indicated that 28% (in women) and 48% (in men) of the maximum VO2 (determined by the Rockport test) was explained by the variable body weight (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The main finding of this study is that an individual's physical abilities, specifically resistance and aerobic capacity are directly related to his or her body weight and other variables in males, such as age and BMI

Relationship between age, category and experience with the soccer referee's self-efficacy

Soccer referees (SRs) encounter stressful situations during competitions and sometimes even outside them, which may affect their decision making. Therefore, it is important that they possess or acquire optimal levels of self-efficacy, since it is related to less stress during competition, also guaranteeing sports performance and prevent sports abandonment. The objectives of this study were to characterize the profile, in terms of self-efficacy, of SRs depending on their category, age, and experience and to determine the relationship of these factors on SR self-efficacy. Two-hundred fifty-six Spanish referees participated in this study and Referee Self-Efficacy Scale was administered and completed. The results indicated that the SRs older than 25 years, of national category, and with experience greater than or equal to 8 years, have higher levels of self-efficacy than those with the least (p < .01). Likewise, moderate positive correlations were also observed between global self-efficacy and the category, age, and experience of the SRs. In conclusion, age, category and experience factors relate the self-efficacy of the SR, which can explain up to 17% of the variance, affecting decision-making and other decisive behaviors in the competition. These findings are of interest to delegations and referee committees seeking to implement psychological intervention programs to prevent burnout and abandonment of sports practice due to the consequences of low self-efficacy