Estructuras afines en grupos afines

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Type A Fusion Rules

In this paper we will define fusion algebras and give the general construction to obtain them from affine lie algebras. We also give several known methods to compute the structure constants for fusion algebras of type A.    In this paper we will define fusion algebras and give the general construction to obtain them from affine lie algebras. We also give several known methods to compute the structure constants for fusion algebras of type A. &nbsp

A new perspective on the Frenkel-Zhu fusion rule theorem

In this paper we prove a formula for fusion coefficients of affine Kac-Moody algebras first conjectured by Walton [Wal2], and rediscovered in [Fe]. It is a reformulation of the Frenkel-Zhu affine fusion rule theorem [FZ], written so that it can be seen as a beautiful generalization of the classical Parasarathy-Ranga Rao-Varadarajan tensor product theorem [PRV].Comment: 19 pages, no figures, uses conm-p-l.cls style fil

Diseño e implementación de dos robots de batalla de 3 libras para el Club de Robótica de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana

El presente proyecto técnico tiene como objetivo el diseño e implementación de dos robots de batalla en la categoría de 3 libras, utilizando componentes de nivel profesional basándose en los estándares de combate a nivel nacional e internacional para futuras competencias del Club de Robótica la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana. Mediante el uso una tarjeta microcontroladora ESP32 y de sensores, se obtuvo las magnitudes de voltajes y amperajes que fueron graficadas en tiempo real en Matlab y almacenadas en una tarjeta de memoria que se utilizó como un datalogger, para su análisis, utilizando una interfaz gráfica en Matlab. El objetivo principal fue obtener los valores potencia de los motores de movimiento y el motor del arma para realizar un análisis del consumo de energía en cada y generar estrategias de combate manteniendo un uso eficiente de las baterías que es información esencial para el operador y su equipo en cada round de combate.The objective of this technical project is the design and implementation of two battle robots in the 3-pound category, using professional-level components in the national and international combat standards for future competitions of the Robotics Club of the Salesian Polytechnic University. Through the use of an ESP32 microcontroller card and sensors, the magnitudes of voltages and amperages were obtained that were plotted in real time in Matlab and stored on a memory card that was used as a datalogger, for analysis, using a graphical interface. in Matlab. The main objective was to obtain the power values of the movement motors and the weapon motor to perform an analysis of the energy consumption in each and to generate combat strategies while maintaining efficient use of the batteries, which is essential information for the operator and its team in each round of combat

Cuantificación de citocinas caninas mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcriptasa reversa en tiempo real

Introduction. Canines are the principal domestic reservoirs of visceral leishmaniasis in both the Old and New World. The development of highly sensitive and quantitative methods, such as real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for measurement of canine cytokines has not been exploited in studies of visceral leishmaniasis.Objective. To standardize the relative quantification of canine IFN-g, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p40 and IL-12p35 using real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.Materials and methods. RNA was isolated from PBMCs from 1 year–old foxhounds and cultured with or without Con A, LPS orStaphylococcus aureus extract. This RNA was used in one-step real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to optimize the concentrations of the cytokine primers and probes, generate standard curves for each cytokine, confirm equivalent amplification efficiency of cytokine and normalizer (18S rRNA) RNA, and to quantify the expression of the cytokine RNA. The comparative Ct method was used to determine the relative levels of gene expression in the samples, expressed as the fold-increase relative to the control samples.Results. The regression coefficient for the standard curves and the amplification efficiencies of the cytokine and normalizer RNA indicated that the quantification was reliable over a broad concentration range of input RNA. Relative to control cells, activation of PBMCs led to increased expression of IFN-g (132-fold), IL-4 (8.8-fold), IL-10 (7.2-fold), and IL-12p40 (275-fold). Basal expression of IL-12p35 was also detected.Conclusion. This approach provides several advantages over conventional assays for cytokine measurement and can be exploited in the study of the immunopathogenesis and immunity in canine leishmaniasis.Introducción. Los caninos son el principal reservorio domestico de la leishmaniasis visceral en el Nuevo y Viejo mundo. La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcriptasa reversa en tiempo real para la medición de citocinas caninas no ha sido implementada para el estudio de la leishmaniasis visceral.Objetivo. Estandarizar la cuantificación relativa de IFN-g, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p40 y IL-12p35 caninas utilizando reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcriptasa reversa en tiempo real.Materiales y métodos. Células mononucleares de sangre periférica de perros Fox-Hound fueron estimuladas con ConA, LPS y extracto de Staphylococcus aureus. El ARN fue utilizado en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcriptasa reversa en tiempo real de un solo paso para optimizar las concentraciones de iniciadores y sondas especificas de cada citocina, generar curvas estándar, confirmar la eficiencia de amplificación de las citocinas y del normalizador (18S ARNr) y cuantificar la expresión de ARN. El método comparativo Ct fue utilizado para determinar los niveles relativos de expresión de ARN en las muestras, expresado como el incremento en el número de veces comparado con los controles.Resultados. El coeficiente de regresión para las curvas estándar y las eficiencias de amplificación de las citocinas y el normalizador, indicaron que la cuantificación fue confiable en un amplio rango de concentraciones de ARN. La activación de células mononucleares de sangre periférica resultó en un incremento en la expresión de IFN-g (132), IL-4 (8.8), IL-10 (7,2), y IL-12p40 (275), relativo a células control. La expresión basal de IL-12p35 fue también detectada.Conclusión. Esta metodología, comparada con los métodos convencionales disponibles para la medición de citocinas, ofrece varias ventajas y podría ser utilizada en estudios sobre inmunopatogenia e inmunidad en leishmaniasis visceral canina

Duplex real-time reverse transcriptase PCR to determine cytokine mRNA expression in a hamster model of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Syrian hamster, <it>Mesocricetus auratus</it>, has distinct immunological features and is uniquely susceptible to intracellular pathogens. Studies in hamsters are limited by the relative unavailability of tools to conduct immunological studies. To address this limitation we developed duplex real-time reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR assays for the relative quantification of the mRNAs of hamster cytokines, chemokines, and related immune response molecules.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Real-time RT-PCR primers and probes were synthesized for analysis of interleukin (IL)-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-12p40, TGF-β, IL-13, IL-21, chemokine ligand (CCL) 22, CCL17, Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4 and FoxP3 expression. Standard curves and validation experiments were performed for each real-time RT-PCR assay, allowing us to use the comparative Ct (2^-ΔΔCt) method to calculate changes in gene expression. Application of the real-time RT PCR assays to a biological model was demonstrated by comparing mRNA expression in skin and lymph node tissues between uninfected and <it>Leishmania panamensis </it>infected hamsters.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The duplex real-time RT PCR assays provide a powerful approach for the quantification of cytokine transcription in hamsters, and their application to a model of cutaneous leishmaniasis suggests that a balanced type 1 and type 2 cytokine response contributes to the chronic, nonprogressive course of disease. These new molecular tools will further facilitate investigation into the mechanisms of disease in the hamster, not only for models of leishmaniasis, but also for other viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections.</p