Design, Fabrication And Characterization Of Rf Front-End 5g Wireless System

The unexpected increase of cellular data growth has created absolute challenges for the mobile network service providers in order to counter with a worldwide wireless bandwidth shortage. The difficulty of mobile wireless bandwidth size shortage has attracted the interest towards the exploration of the underutilized millimetre-wave frequency spectrum for the future broadband mobile technologies. A wireless RF transceiver system operating at the millimetre wave (mm-Wave) frequency of 28 GHz for the 5G cellular network application is designed and fabricated. A series of RF front-end transceiver system consists of the RF transmitter and RF receiver. This RF front-end system provides a wide transmission bandwidth of 1000 MHz. The RF transceiver prototype is built using off-the-shelf components from the Avago Technologies and Hittite Microwave except for the 1 GHz and 28 GHz bandpass filters. The superheterodyne transmitter and superheterodyne receiver architectural designs are used to develop this RF front-end system design. There are two types of bandpass filter are designed in this project; lumped elements for low frequency at 1 GHz and Dielectric Resonator Filter (DRF) for mm-Wave frequency at 28 GHz. The lumped elements bandpass filter is designed at the centre frequency of 1 GHz with the transmission bandwidth of 1000 MHz. The 28 GHz bandpass filter is designed by using a combination of microstrip parallel-coupled filter and the dielectric resonators (DRs) made of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO). The use of a dielectric resonator for the microwave circuit design directly can help to improve the performance of the circuit in terms of Q-factor and bandwidth size. The dielectric resonator bandpass filter produces a transmission bandwidth of 1000 MHz operating at the centre frequency of 28 GHz. The overall simulation design of the RF transceiver is carried out using Advanced Design System (ADS). Computer Simulation Technology (CST) is used to design the 28 GHz bandpass filter using dielectric resonators. The verification of design is accomplished through the RF transmitter and RF receiver hardware testing. The RF transmitter system works to up-convert an input IF signal at 1 GHz to an output RF signal at 28 GHz, while the RF receiver used to down-convert an input RF signal at 28 GHz to an output IF signal at 1 GHz. Based on the experimental results for the 28 GHz RF transceiver, the highest and lowest amount of IF signal output power are recorded at -13.12 dBm via 10 dB attenuator and -45.77 dBm via 50 dB attenuator when the IF signal input power is set at -20 dBm. The linearity of the IF signal output power is obtained around 80% when the 1 GHz IF signal is set at -20 dBm input power. The overall project of the 28 GHz RF front-end for the cellular network application is successfully designed and developed

Distribution of recent ostracoda in offshore sediment around Pulau Besar, Johor

The study on distribution of ostracods in offshore sediment was made around Pulau Besar, Johor. A total of 11 stations were chooser. A total of 47 species, both living and dead belonging to 37 genera and 18 families were collected and had been identified. A total of 1063 dead specimens and 932 living specimens of ostracoda were found in the study area. The dominant species was Pistocythereis cribriformis and the dominant family was Trachyleberididae. Family that had the most high species diversity was Trachlyeberididae with 14 species. Several physico-chemical parameters were measured in-situ including temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and depth. The values for each of these parameters range from 27.05-30.80oC, 31.20-34.01 ppt, 6.90-11.93 mg/L and 6.60-20.50 m, respectively. For ex-situ physico-chemical parameters such as percentage of organic matter, sand, clay and silt with the range values for each parameter were 1.98-7.58%, 74.87-95.05%, 0.05-24.21% and 0.75-9.74%, respectively. The sediment texture in this study area can be categorized as silty sand, very fine sand, fine sand, medium sand and coarse sand. Shannon-Wiener diversity Index, H(S) was highest at ST 6 station with 2.91 and lowest at ST 11 station with 2.26. The abundance and diversity of ostracod were most related to the character of the sediment. The percentage of silt were positively and significantly correlated with the abundance of ostracods while temperature and percentage of sand are negatively and significantly correlated with benthic ostracod abundance. Other parameters do not show any significant correlation

The Emergence and Development of National Congress Party in Sudan (1998-2005)

The paper analyses the emergence of the National Congress Party (N.C.P.) within the context of the recent political history of Sudan in post 1989 era. The date marks the time when Islamists in Sudan assumed power following a coup d’état led by General Omer Al-Bashir, latter on came to be known as the Ingaz regime. The significance of the experience of this Party emanates from the fact that, though it started as a one ruling party, it managed to conclude in 2005 the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (C.P.A.) a major peace agreement ending one of the longest internal wars in Africa. The Agreement was included in the Constitution of the country, consequently hosting Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), the movement which led the rebellion to become a partner party/movement in the rule of the country. The paper reflects on this power sharing experience during the Interim Period up to 2011 wherein the Referendum on Self-determination of South Sudan resulted in dividing the Country into two sovereign states

Corruption and Accountability of Public Officials: Comparative analysis from Malaysia and Indonesia

Corruption and accountability are challenging issues of public officials in Malaysia and Indonesia. This study compares approaches taken to control corruption and abuse of powers among public officials under Administrative Law. It comparatively examines the presidential and parliamentary systems and to study reported cases. Administrative Law approaches in both countries are analysed to determine its mechanism in this matter. The finding suggests a fusion of both approaches by an increasing use of codes and policy guidelines to enhance transparency and accountability. These will eventually promote good management and trust of the public towards the administration of both nations. Keywords: Corruption; accountability; public officials; good governance eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i15.248

Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model using Intuitionistic Fuzzy Entropy and Variable Weight Theory

The aim of this research is to develop a new multi-criteria decision-making method that integrates an intuitionistic fuzzy entropy measure and variable weight theory to be implemented in different fields to provide a solution for MCDM problems when the available information is incomplete. A limited number of studies have considered determining decision maker’s weights by performing objective techniques, and almost all of these researches detected a constant weights for the decision makers. In addition, most of the MCDM studies were not formulated to perform sensitivity analysis. The new method is based on the TOPSIS model with an intuitionistic fuzzy entropy measure in the exponential-related function form and the engagement of the variable weight theory to determine weights for the decision-makers that vary as per attibutes. Lastly, a mathematical model was developed in this research to be as an input for developing the mobile-aplication based method in future for virtual use of the new MCDM method

Kepelbagaian dan kelimpahan foraminifera di sedimen permukaan sekitar Delta Sungai Kelantan, Malaysia

Suatu kajian telah dijalankan untuk menentukan kepelbagaian dan kelimpahan foraminifera di sedimen permukaan sekitar delta Sungai Kelantan memandangkan kajian foraminifera terutamanya di perairan marin Malaysia amat kurang. Sejumlah 22 stesen daripada dua garisan transek telah ditentukan sebagai kawasan persampelan. Sebanyak 10,317 individu foraminifera yang terdiri daripada 27 famili, 34 genus dan 55 spesies telah ditemui di kawasan kajian. Secara keseluruhannya, famili Hauerinidae mencatatkan kepelbagaian spesies tertinggi (10 spesies) manakala famili paling dominan dengan jumlah individu tertinggi ialah Rotaliidae (26.14%). Spesies dominan dan paling melimpah di kawasan kajian ialah Asterorotalia pulchella (17.24%) dan Operculina ammonoides (10.19%). Indeks kepelbagaian spesies, H’ yang dicatatkan ialah antara 0.5 hingga 3.1 manakala indeks kekayaan spesies, α adalah antara 1.5 hingga 7.9. Kelimpahan dan kepelbagaian spesies tertinggi (α=7.9, H’=3.1) dicatatkan pada stesen 21 yang terletak di laut terbuka dengan kedalaman air sebanyak 36.8 m dan bersaliniti 32.2 ppt mendekati laut normal. Nilai H’ dan α terendah dicatatkan pada stesen yang berdekatan dengan muara sungai yang cetek dan bersaliniti lebih rendah. Secara keseluruhannya, nilai indeks kepelbagaian yang dicatatkan di kawasan kajian adalah menepati persekitaran marin berair cetek. Kesimpulannya, kepelbagaian dan kelimpahan foraminifera di kawasan kajian dipengaruhi oleh kedalaman dan saliniti air

Application of House of Quality, Fuzzy-Analytical Hierarchy Process and Rough-Grey Analysis in Design Concept Evaluation – A Case Study

Design concept evaluation plays a critical role in the early phases of product development as it has a significant impact on the downstream development processes, as well as on the success of the product developed. In this work, a novel three-stage methodology has been developed. The preliminary stage screens all the criteria from different viewpoints using House of Quality (HoQ). The second stage uses a FuzzyAnalytical Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy-AHP) to obtain the alternatives weighting, and the final stage verifies the ranking of the alternatives by a Rough-Grey Analysis. This method will enable designers to make better informed decisions before finalizing their choice. A case example from industry is presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology. The prospective benefit of this new method is that it can help designers to reduce the risk of late design changes or corrections. The result of the example shows that the HoQ, Fuzzy-AHP and Rough-Grey Analysis approach provided a novel alternative to existing methods of performing design concept evaluation. The proposed framework has successfully helped the designers to reduce the product development time

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Research articl

Stress levels in bulls during and after electroejaculation

The Animal Welfare Society has expressed its concern on the use of electroejaculator as a semen collection device. The society believes that electroejaculation will incur pain to the animal and thus causing stress. Thus, this will compromise the quality of semen collected from the animal. A study was conducted to observe it bulls were stressed when the electroejaculation technique was applied for semen collection. A serum blood sample was collected before, immediately after and after semen collection using the EE technique. Changes in serum cortisol concentration in serial blood samples were used to quantify stress response in the bulbs. Eight bulls aged from 3 to 8 years and weighing between 320 and 830 kg were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments. The first treatment group consisted of bulls that were inserted with a probe and given electrical stimuli (ES) while the second treatment group comprised of bulls that were inserted with a rectal probe but without electrical stimulus (WES). Blood samples were collected by venipuncture at rest (first before the rectal probe was inserted), immediately after ejaculation, 10 and 15 min postejaculation. There was no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) between the group with electrical stimulus and the group without electrical stimulus. However, there are significant differences between bulls in each group. The use of probe with electrical stimuli did not significantly increase serum cortisol concentration