The Synthesis of Prilocaine from Toluene

Prilocaine hydrochloride is a local anesthetic from the amide family. Commonly used in dental work as an injected topical anesthetic, prilocaine temporarily numbs and inhibits nerve endings in soft tissue for up to two hours, leading to a decrease in pain. The synthesis of prilocaine is a four step process which starts with a mono-nitration of toluene. The nitrated product is then reduced by catalytic hydrogenation to produce toluidine. O-toluidine hydrochloride is isolated by treating toluidine with acetic anhydride followed by an extraction for purification. The acetylated product was then mixed with 2-choloropropionyl chloride to produce the final prilocaine product. In an effort to make the reaction more environmentally friendly, diethyl ether was replaced by methoxycyclopentane in the mono-nitration of toluene

Access to health services in Western Newfoundland, Canada: Issues, barriers and recommendations emerging from a community-engaged research project

Research indicates that people living in rural and remote areas of Canada face challenges to accessing health services. This article reports on a community-engaged research project conducted by investigators at Memorial University of Newfoundland in collaboration with the Rural Secretariat Regional Councils and Regional Partnership Planners for the Corner Brook–Rocky Harbour and Stephenville–Port aux Basques Rural Secretariat Regions of Newfoundland and Labrador. The aim of this research was to gather information on barriers to accessing health services, to identify solutions to health services’ access issues and to inform policy advice to government on enhancing access to health services. Data was collected through: (1) targeted distribution of a survey to communities throughout the region, and (2) informal ‘kitchen table’ discussions to discuss health services’ access issues. A total of 1049 surveys were collected and 10 kitchen table discussions were held. Overall, the main barriers to care listed in the survey included long wait times, services not available in the area and services not available at time required. Other barriers noted by survey respondents included transportation problems, financial concerns, no medical insurance coverage, distance to travel and weather conditions. Some respondents reported poorer access to maternal/child health and breast and cervical screening services and a lack of access to general practitioners, pharmacy services, dentists and nurse practitioners. Recommendations that emerged from this research included improving the recruitment of rural physicians, exploring the use of nurse practitioners, assisting individuals with travel costs,  developing specialist outreach services, increasing use of telehealth services and initiating additional rural and remote health research.Keywords: rural, remote, healthcare, health services, social determinants of healt

If I only had a little humility, I would be perfect : Children s and adults perceptions of intellectually arrogant, humble, and diffident people

Intellectual humility is usually regarded as a virtue. In this paper we conceptualized intellectual humility along 2 dimensions: (1) placing an adequate level of confidence in one’s own beliefs; (2) being willing to consider other people’s beliefs. We tested whether children (ages 4-11 years) and adults perceived intellectual humility as positive and how these perceptions changed across the development. To do so, we asked participants to evaluate an intellectually humble person as compared to an intellectually arrogant person, who readily dismissed other people’s beliefs, or to an intellectually diffident person, who was unsure of a well-supported belief. Young children did not favor the intellectually humble person over the others, but older children and adults liked this person better and tended to consider her nicer than the arrogant one and smarter than the diffident one. These findings suggest that the virtuousness of intellectual humility in others is recognized from mid-childhood on.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Knowing-it-all but still learning: Perceptions of one s own knowledge and belief revision

Our lay theories suggest that people who are overconfident in their knowledge are less likely to revise that knowledge when someone else offers an alternative belief. Similarly, we might assume that people who are willing to revise their beliefs might not be very confident in their knowledge to begin with. Two studies with children aged 4-11 years old and college students call these lay theories into question. We found that young children were simultaneously more overconfident in their knowledge (e.g., believing they knew what chartreuse meant) and more likely to revise their initial beliefs (e.g., choosing another color after seeing a peer choose a different color) than older children and adults. These results bridge the metacognitive and epistemic trust literatures, which have largely progressed independently from each other. We discuss the potential causes and functions of the dissociation between the confidence with which beliefs are held and the revision of those beliefs across development.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Identification of novel chondroitin proteoglycans in Caenorhabditis elegans: embryonic cell division depends on CPG-1 and CPG-2.

Vertebrates produce multiple chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans that play important roles in development and tissue mechanics. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the chondroitin chains lack sulfate but nevertheless play essential roles in embryonic development and vulval morphogenesis. However, assignment of these functions to specific proteoglycans has been limited by the lack of identified core proteins. We used a combination of biochemical purification, Western blotting, and mass spectrometry to identify nine C. elegans chondroitin proteoglycan core proteins, none of which have homologues in vertebrates or other invertebrates such as Drosophila melanogaster or Hydra vulgaris. CPG-1/CEJ-1 and CPG-2 are expressed during embryonic development and bind chitin, suggesting a structural role in the egg. RNA interference (RNAi) depletion of individual CPGs had no effect on embryonic viability, but simultaneous depletion of CPG-1/CEJ-1 and CPG-2 resulted in multinucleated single-cell embryos. This embryonic lethality phenocopies RNAi depletion of the SQV-5 chondroitin synthase, suggesting that chondroitin chains on these two proteoglycans are required for cytokinesis

Efecte de la topografia en la variabilitat espacial del contingut de carboni total i d?òxids solubles de ferro i alumini a l?horitzó B del sòl a una catena forestal a Suècia

L'objecte d'aquest estudi és la variabilitat espacial i l'efecte de la topografia en un procés com és l'acumulació de sesquiòxids solubles de ferro i alumini juntament amb la matèria orgànica il·luviada a l'horitzó Bhs. La metodologia aplicada en l'estudi de la variabilitat espacial ha estat l'anàlisi geoestadística. Aquesta es va dur a terme a 96 mostres on es va valorar el carboni total, per l'analitzador elemental LECO, i els òxids solubles de ferro i alumini complexats a la matèria orgànica, extractats en pirofosfat sòdic 0,1N i valorats per ICP. L'anàlisi de la variància entre totes les variables analitzades ens mostra que hi ha diferències significatives (P-value: 0,0000), però si comparem els òxids solubles llavors les sèries són significativament semblants (P-value: 0,1839). La influència de l'hidromorfisme es va estudiar mitjançant ANOVA comparant els continguts analitzats tenint en compte l'estat de saturació d'aigua. Els resultats ens mostren que totes tres variables es troben afectades per l'hidromorfisme, però en especial els òxids solubles de ferro (P-value: 0,0000). Respecte a les relacions entre les variables, el carboni total i els òxids solubles d'alumini es troben amb una bona correlació (R2 = 0,74, P0 = 0,001). Segons l'ajust del semivariograma el paràmetre que té una variabilitat espacial més elevada són els òxids solubles de ferro, que tenen una correlació espacial amb un abast de 20 m. La raó d'aquesta variabilitat ve donada per l'efecte en el ferro de l'hidromorfisme que va ser localitzat a 26 dels 96 punts mostrejats, i a causa de a les característiques d'aquest element ha estat reduït i rentat de forma més fàcil que els sesquiòxids d'alumini o el carboni.El objeto de este estudio es la variabilidad espacial y el efecto de la topografía en un proceso como es la acumulación de sesquióxidos solubles de hierro y aluminio complejados a la materia orgánica iluviada en el horizonte Bhs en los suelos de una catena sueca. La metodología aplicada en el estudio de la variabilidad espacial ha sido el análisis geoestadístico. Éste se aplicó a 96 muestras en las que se valoró el carbono total, por el analizador elemental LECO, y los óxidos solubles de hierro y aluminio complejados a la materia orgánica, extractados en pirofosfato sódico 0,1N y valorados por ICP. El análisis de la varianza ANOVA entre las variables analizadas nos muestra que hay diferencias significativas (P-value: 0,0000), pero si comparamos los óxidos solubles entonces las series son significativamente similares (P-value: 0,1839). La influencia del hidromorfismo se estudió mediante la varianza ANOVA, comparando los contenidos analizados teniendo en cuenta el estado de saturación de agua. Los resultados nos indican que las tres variables están afectadas por el hidromorfismo pero en especial los óxidos solubles de hierro (P-value: 0,0000). El carbono total y los óxidos solubles de aluminio están bien correlacionados (R2 = 0,74, P0 = 0,001) y ambas series tienen semejanzas significativas y representativas. Según el ajuste del semivariograma teórico, el parámetro que tiene una variabilidad espacial más elevada son los óxidos solubles de hierro, que tienen una correlación espacial con un alcance de 20 m. La razón de esta variabilidad viene dada por el efecto en el hierro del hidromorfismo que fue localizado en 26 de los 96 puntos muestreados, y debido a las características de este elemento ha sido reducido y lavado de forma más fácil que los sesquióxidos de aluminio o el carbono.The object of this study is the spatial variability of and the effect of the topography on the accumulation of soluble iron and aluminium oxides togethen with the illuviated the organic matter in the Bhs horizon of the soil. The spatial variability has been analysed geostatistically. This has been done with 96 samples where total carbon has been measured using the elemental analysator LECO. The soluble oxides of iron and aluminium complexed to the organic matter were extracted in 0.1N Na-pyrophosphate and determined by ICP. A one-way ANOVA analisys of variance between the three series showed that there are significant differences (P-value: 0,0000), but if we compare the soluble oxides there are significant similarities (P-value: 0,1839). The influence of waterlogging was studied by ANOVA; the results are that all three variables are affected, but especially the soluble iron oxides (P-value: 0,0000). The relationship between the variables are well correlated as the total carbon and the the soluble oxides of aluminium (R2 = 0.74, P0 = 0.001). When the theoretical semivariogram is fitted, the parameter with the highest spatial variability is the soluble iron oxides content. This has a good spatial correlation in a range of 20 meters. The high spatial variability is due to the effect of the waterlogging on the iron, 26 of the 96 soil samples being waterlogged. Iron is more easily reduced and leached than the carbon or the aluminium sesquioxides

Expression of Intestine-Specific Antigen Reveals Novel Pathways of CD8 T Cell Tolerance Induction

AbstractReactivity to intestinal epithelium-specific antigen was studied by transgenic expression of cytosolic ovalbumin controlled by an enterocyte-specific promoter. Transferred OVA-specific CD8 cells (OT-I) preferentially expanded in mucosal lymphoid tissues and the epithelium but failed to cause tissue damage. In contrast, concomitant VSV-ova infection induced OT-I-mediated epithelial cell destruction that correlated with antigen density. OT-I cells retained in the epithelium exhibited high levels of lytic activity but were unable to produce cytokines. The mice were systemically tolerant to OVA since endogenous CD8 cells were nonresponsive to VSV-ova infection. Thus, intestinal antigen gained access to peripheral tissues via absorption from effete epithelial cells. This system demonstrated a requirement for inflammation to drive pathogenic autoreactivity against enterocytes and identified pathways of intestine-specific immunoregulation

Strengthening 4-H Youth Consumer Decision-Making Skills: Contest to Community Service

The University of Minnesota Extension 4-H Consumer Decision Making program strengthens youth consumer decision-making skills by connecting the contest to service learning. The program uses experiential learning to teach youth to make wise consumer decisions. Youth participate in a judging contest where they rank consumer items based on criteria. Youth gain experience in organizing thoughts and defending decisions with oral reasons. Youth also participate in a group process activity where they gain experience with decision making as a team member. Participants are also involved in an educational activity with a community service-learning component that allows more in-depth learning

Washington\u27s War on the Visibly Poor: A Survey of Criminalizing Ordinances & Their Enforcement

Throughout the country, cities increasingly enact laws that punish behaviors necessary for survival. For those without shelter, there is no alternative but to conduct these behaviors in public. Camping outdoors, sleeping, going to the bathroom, receiving food, sitting or lying down on sidewalks — these laws target homeless people either in practice or outright. But until now, no one knew how widespread these laws are throughout Washington State, or how they are being enforced. This brief answers these questions. HRAP researchers surveyed the municipal codes of seventy-two cities across Washington to identify ordinances that essentially criminalize homelessness in each jurisdiction. From this survey, researchers created a chart tracking every ordinance they could find. Seven of the cities were selected as case studies for closer examination of the enforcement and citations of these ordinances. The findings reveal that homeless criminalization exists regardless of where you live. From densely populated urban cities to scattered rural townships, city councils are increasingly passing these laws, often drafting them in a way that raises serious legal and policy concerns about how Washington treats its most vulnerable residents. This brief shines a spotlight on the problems with these laws: how they are written, how they impact the homeless community, and how easily cities can fall into the trap of vilifying already vulnerable populations in the name of safety and public health. This report shows that the problem of criminalizing homelessness, so often buried in municipal codes, is both widespread and systemic. Keywords: public space, homelessness, race, gender, sexual orientation, sexual identity, LGBTQ, homeless, poverty, constitutional rights, civil rights, human rights, criminalization, neolibera