A critical period of corticomuscular and EMG-EMG coherence detection in healthy infants aged 9-25weeks:Corticomuscular and EMG-EMG coherence during early development

KEY POINTS: The early postnatal development of functional corticospinal connections in human infants is not fully clarified. Corticospinal drive to upper and lower limb muscle shows developmental changes with an increased functional coupling in infants between 9 and 25 weeks in the beta frequency band. The changes in functional coupling coincide with the developmental period where fidgety movements are present in healthy infants. Data support a possible sensitive period where functional connections between corticospinal tract fibres and spinal motoneurones undergo activity‐dependent reorganization. ABSTRACT: The early postnatal development of functional corticospinal connections in human infants is not fully clarified. We used EEG and EMG to investigate the development of corticomuscular and intramuscular coherence as indicators of functional corticospinal connectivity in healthy infants aged 1–66 weeks. EEG was recorded over leg and hand area of motor cortex. EMG recordings were made from right ankle dorsiflexor and right wrist extensor muscles. Quantification of the amount of corticomuscular coherence in the 20–40 Hz frequency band showed a significantly larger coherence for infants aged 9–25 weeks compared to younger and older infants. Coherence between paired EMG recordings from tibialis anterior muscle in the 20–40 Hz frequency band was also significantly larger for the 9–25 week age group. A low‐amplitude, broad‐duration (40–50 ms) central peak of EMG–EMG synchronization was observed for infants younger than 9 weeks, whereas a short‐lasting (10–20 ms) central peak was observed for EMG–EMG synchronization in older infants. This peak was largest for infants aged 9–25 weeks. These data suggest that the corticospinal drive to lower and upper limb muscles shows significant developmental changes with an increase in functional coupling in infants aged 9–25 weeks, a period which coincides partly with the developmental period of normal fidgety movements. We propose that these neurophysiological findings may reflect the existence of a sensitive period where the functional connections between corticospinal tract fibres and spinal motoneurones undergo activity‐dependent reorganization. This may be relevant for the timing of early therapy interventions in infants with pre‐ and perinatal brain injury

Tipologija modelov lingvogeneze slovanskih jezikov

V prispevku je obravnavana tipologija modelov lingvogeneze slovanskih jezikov v genetolingvističnem pomenu. Pri določanju modela lingvogeneze posameznega geolekta so upoštevani vrsta njegovega izhodišča (enotno : neenotno) in spreminjanja (konvergentno : divergentno) ter način njegovega oblikovanja, ki ga določata položaj geolekta znotraj areala (središče : obrobje) in njegove značilnosti (inovacija : arhaizem), kar vse skupaj določa definicijske lastnosti geolekta (tj. genetska merila).The article discusses the typology of models of Slavic languages formation in geneto-linguistic sense. In the model of linguogenesis for each individual geolect, the author takes into account the type of its starting point and change as well as the manner of its formation

Data from: Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses

The Eneolithic Botai culture of the Central Asian steppes provides the earliest archaeological evidence for horse husbandry, ~5500 years ago, but the exact nature of early horse domestication remains controversial. We generated 42 ancient-horse genomes, including 20 from Botai. Compared to 46 published ancient- and modern-horse genomes, our data indicate that Przewalski’s horses are the feral descendants of horses herded at Botai and not truly wild horses. All domestic horses dated from ~4000 years ago to present only show ~2.7% of Botai-related ancestry. This indicates that a massive genomic turnover underpins the expansion of the horse stock that gave rise to modern domesticates, which coincides with large-scale human population expansions during the Early Bronze Age

ALL.beagle.gprobs.maf0

genotype posterior probabilities of segregating sites with minor allele frequency filter of 0.01 (all individuals

chry_All.1.fasta.reduced

Y-Chromosome alignment for male samples (with Equus africanus somaliensis as outgroup

ALL_maxmiss3.TransversionOnly.noCAGT.beagle

pseudo haploid sites (random sampling of one allele), transversions only and all C to A and G to T were remove

ALL.0.0.treemix.gz

called genotypes for all samples above 3.0X coverag