Reservoir evaluation of “T-X” field (Onshore, Niger delta) from well log petrophysical analysis

Three wells A1, A2 and A3 were identified on the ‘T-X’ field in onshore Niger Delta. A comprehensive petrophysical analysis on one of the wells (well A1) was carried out in order to come up with physical properties such as shale volume, porosity (Φ),   permeability (K), fluid saturation, and net pay thickness, among others for future development planned of the oil field. A well log  data from this field have been  examined and analyzed. The logs include gamma ray (used for the identification of lithology),  resistivity and porosity logs (used for delineating hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs). Wireline log analysis was employed in the characterization of the  reservoirs in the well studied; the hydrocarbon sands were delineated by the use of gamma ray, resistivity and density/neutron from which the reservoir quality were determined. Fluid types defined in the reservoirs on the basis of  neutron/density log signatures were basically water, oil and gas.Eighteen (18) reservoirs (AR1 to AR18) were identified, among which twelve (12) are hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs. Permeability and porosity values range between 1-6206md and 6-28%  respectively. Water saturation recorded between 15-100% in the identified  reservoirs which indicated that the proportion of void spaces occupied by water varied from low to high values, thus, indicating both low and high hydrocarbon saturation. Plot of  hydrocarbon saturation and porosity showed a linear trend and strong linear relationships between permeability and porosity was also observed in all the reservoirs identified indicating that they are permeable and have pores that are strongly interconnected. This study has really demonstrated that petrophysics has a vital role to play in reservoirs characterization.Keywords: Reservoir sands, petrophysical properties, reservoir quality, Lithology and Wireline logs

Prescription Pattern at a Secondary Health Care Facility in Ilorin, Nigeria

Background/Objectives: Expenditures due to irrational use of drugs have been a strain on the meagre health budgets of several developing countries and inappropriate prescribing has been identified in manyhealth facilities in developing countries. This study examines the prescription pattern in a secondaryhealth facility.Method: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was used in this study. Three hundred and three randomly selected prescriptions issued to patients attending out-patients' clinics in the facility over a period of threemonths were examined. Data obtained was analyzed using EPI-INFO 2000 computer software.Results: Mean number of drugs per prescription in the health facility is 3.99 ± 1.55. At least 4 drugs were prescribed in 61.6% of the prescriptions. Generic prescribing was generally low. Out of a total of 1219drugs prescribed 511 (41.9%) were prescribed in generic names. Analgesics, antimalarials, antibiotics and antihypertensives accounted for 19.7%, 10.2%, 13.0% and 4.9% of the drugs prescribed respectively.Only 124 (40.9%) of the prescriptions had all drugs prescribed available in the health facility.Conclusion: This study found practice of polypharmacy prevalent as found in other studies in developing countries among prescribers and prescription in generic names is low. Regular orientation and re-orientation of prescribers on rational drug prescription and prescription in generic names in conformity with national drug policies is necessary

Intra-tympanic injections in Meniere’s disease

Meniere's disease is a relatively common, sometimes disabling, disease. Pre-referral anti-vertiginous medication is common practice among family physicians. The objective of this review is to present the next level treatment of Meniere disease, beyond conservative management. Major databases such as the Pubmed were searched for recent publications on the management of Meniere’s disease. The findings emphasised that the use of intra-tympanic steroid injections, among other measures, is an extensively researched treatment modality for Meniere’s disease that is unresponsive to conservative management. In conclusion, referring physicians need to go beyond anti-vertiginous medications which family physicians usually prescribe. Aside from other medical treatments, intra-tympanic steroid injection is a simple, safe and reliable treatment option which needs to be further deployed in developing world practice

Geological and Electrical Resistivity Sounding of Olokonla Area in North-Central Nigeria

Geological mapping and Electrical resistivity sounding were carried out in Olokonla area in Moro Local Government of Kwara State in order to determine the apparent resistivities of the subsurface lithologies and correlate them with the exposed rocks observed during the geological mapping. The studies also delineate the pattern of fractures in the area which form prefential pathways for ground water. Three vertical electrical soundings (VES) were performed radially adopting the Schlumberger electrode configuration, with half-current electrode separation (AB/2) varying from 1m to 100m. Anisotropy polygon was also constructed based on the radial electrical sounding. The geoelectric parameters revealed five subsurface layers which were interpreted as topsoil, lateritic soil, dry sand soil, weathered granite and granite respectively. The geological mapping showed that the area is underlain by crystalline rocks comprising biotite granite, granite-gneiss and migmatite. The anisotropy polygon showed that a major fracture direction along 600 (northeast to southwest) and the coefficient of anisotropy is 0.79. Based on the apparent resistivities and the structural disposition, a potential aquifer was inferred at a depth of 45m. The fracture pattern in the area was constrained to northeast to southwest direction. The data obtained would be useful in borehole drilling for water within the study area.KEYWORDS: Vertical electrical sounding, aquifer, electrical resistivity, anisotropy polygon, geological mapping, fracture patter

Detection of Fracture Zones for Groundwater Investigation from Interpretation of VLF-EM Anomalies of Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin and its Environs

The Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic VLF-EM geophysical methods have been used to map selected settlements in Kwara State Polytechnic Permanent Site and its environs Ilorin Northcentral Nigeria with a view to determine the groundwater potential of the area A total of thirteen 13 profiles were covered during VLF data collection with 20m sample interval along each profile with spread length of between 100m The VLF data were collected using ABEM WADI instrument The data were interpreted using KHFFILT software The qualitative interpretation of the acquired VLF EM data identified areas of hydro-geologic importance The results further showed that the EM anomalies vary greatly Some of the anomaly peaks are narrow and sharp while others are broad with varying width extent The values of the filtered real range from -0 9 to 22 5 across the study area The study area is adjudged based on the VLF data interpretation which indicates the presence of interconnected fracture zones to have potentially good prospects for groundwater development while recommendation is made for further geophysical methods to be employed in order to detect suitable locations for productive and sustainable borehol

Pore Pressure and Fracture Gradientassessment from Well Log Petrophysical Data of Agbada Formation, South-East Niger-Delta

Changing down-hole conditions observed during hydrocarbon exploration can be divers. Some desired ones concern oil/gas shows while others may vary from borehole/drilling fluid association and pressure situations. Managing pressure variations and geopressure zones while drilling has been an issue of concern which has yield generic positive results over the years. However pre-pressure zones (i.e. zones above pressure zones), can display characteristics that are worthy of note in view of the underlying rock potential. Pore pressure and fracture pressure has been evaluated using Eaton’s equations amongst others on data for some reservoir of Agbada formation in the petroliferous Niger Delta. This is in view of knowing the potential of this pre-pressured zone with effective porosity and water saturation necessitated by production operations and well re-entry processes. These computations adopted various pressure models and have yielded good result presented as plots. It was observed that depth of rock units is the main indicator of rock shrinkage leading to increase in fracture due to increase in production and hydraulic fracturing. Adequate attention must be paid to the integrity (density) of the explored formation as they become sandwiched with under-compacted argillaceous sediments

Perceptions on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Accounting: An Empirical Study among Accounting Professionals in Nigeria.

Artificial Intelligence has been widely discussed in accounting for some years now, this study examined the level of awareness and perceptions on the use of artificial intelligence in accounting among accounting professionals in accounting, it also examined if the individual characteristics of accountants affect their perception on the use of artificial intelligence in accounting. A random sample of 399 Accounting Professionals in Nigeria was used in the study. The study adopted a between group design, and an independent samples T-test, and one way between group Anova was used to test for the effect of accountants’ characteristics on their perception. The study found that there is a high level of awareness on the use of artificial intelligence among accounting professionals in Nigeria, but their knowledge is mainly theoretical, gotten from personal readings and the media. Overall, the accounting professionals have a positive view on the use of artificial intelligence in accounting with the majority showing support for the development of AI in accounting, and minimal worries about job displacement due to AI. The results indicated that male accountants tend to hold a more favourable opinion of AI compared to female accountants, while accountants of different ages, level of education, years of experience, area of specialization, qualification status and professional bodies do not differ in their perceptions on the use of artificial intelligence in accounting. The results of the study also highlighted the need for reform in accounting education and continuous personal development for accountants to adapt to emerging trends

Determination of hydraulic characteristics of an aquifer using vertical electrical sounding within the permanent site Adamu Augie College of Education Argungu, NW Nigeria

Twenty (20) vertical electrical soundings were acquired using ABEM SAS 300 terrameter in order to determine the hydraulic characteristics of the identified aquifers within Adamu Augie College of Education Argungu near Birnin Kebbi, Northwestern Nigeria. The data were interpreted and seven sounding curves were obtained (KH, HQ, HA, HK, AA, A, and Q). The generated geoelectric sections characterized the subsurface into six lithologic units (topsoil, clayey sand, sandstone, clay, shale and sand) with sandstone and sand constituting the major aquifers in the area. The resistivity layer parameters delineated across the entire area were used to determine the hydraulic characteristics of the identified aquifers. The delineated layers above the aquifers showed transverse resistance ranging from 333.06Ωm2 to 23100.61Ωm2 , longitudinal conductance S from 0.025047 to 1.226506 mhos, hydraulic conductivity K from 0.44 m/day to 25.57 m/day, transmissivity T from 7.144 m2 /day to 465.374m2 /day, and coefficient of anisotropy from 0.98 to 1.0. The protective map shows that about 75% of the area falls within poor overburden protective capacity, 20% constitute moderate protective capacity, while the remaining 5% have good protective capacity rating. Therefore, the hydraulic characteristics of the area suggest that the materials above aquifers are less protected, and by implication vulnerable to infiltration

Adherence to prescribed drug therapy among adult patients of General Out-Patient Department of a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria

Objective: The widespread problems of adherence to medication denied substantial number of patients the maximum benefits of medical treatment, resulting in poor health outcomes, lower quality of life and increased health care costs. The objective of this study was to determine the extent of drug adherence among patients seen in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey carried out among 381 patients attending the General Out-Patient Department (GOPD) of a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. Interviewer administered questionnaire was used as the research tool and case notes of the patients were used to obtain information on drug adherence.Results: About half of the patients 194 (50.9%) adhered fully with doctor's prescription on the use of drugs for diseases they presented to the  hospital. More than three quarters (78.0%) of patients aged 56 years and above adhered fully with prescription compared with 11.1% in the age group 15-25 years. The older patients had better adherence to medication than the younger patients with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.001). Many of the patients with no formal education (69.0%) adhered fully with prescription compared with 28.6% with post secondary education p = 0.001.Conclusion: Health education intervention and active role of health care providers in patients'-provider  communication towards addressing the determinants of non-adherence will play a major role in improving adherence to medication.Key words: Drug, adherence, Teaching, Hospital, Nigeri

Pre-Operative Vocal Cord Palsy in Goitre Patient

Objectives: Determine the prevalence of vocal cord palsy and the relative prevalence of asymptomatic vocal cord palsy in pre-operative goitre patients using flexible fibreoptic laryngoscope (FFL) as a laryngeal  visualisation technique.Design: Hospital-based, cross-sectional study conducted throughout 2011 on consecutive, consenting pre-operative goitre patients referred to the E.N.T Department, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. Ilorin, Nigeria.Setting: University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (U.I.T.H) Ilorin is a 600-bedded tertiary institution, serving primarily patients from Kwara State.Subjects: One hundred and ten consenting patients, age 16 and above- whose cooperation could easily be gained for an awake-laryngoscopy procedure.Results: Mean age, 42.98 ± 14.71. Female: Male = 4.5:1. Palsy rate was 2.9% and 25% in benign and malignant goitre respectively. Hoarseness was reported by 3(2.7%) patients with vocal cord palsy (p 0.001). Asymptomatic palsy was 40%.Conclusion: The prevalence of pre-operative vocal cord palsy was 4.5%; Relative prevalence was 2.9% and relative prevalence was 25% in benign and malignant goitre respectively