Utsatthetens olika ansikten: Begreppsöversikt och analys

This paper has two purposes: the first is to give an introduction to and an analysis of the most important concepts for describing social disadvantage in contemporary Sweden – poverty, social exclusion and the concept “utanförskap”. The latter is difficult to give a proper English translation. The closest may be “alienation”, but in a more general sense than the Marxist one. Besides the fact that all these concepts have been used and are being used within academia, they have also been the subject of political struggle. Both of these arenas are treated in the paper. The second purpose is to discuss these concepts in relation to the research project “Causes and consequences of social alienation” at the Institute for Futures Studies. Despite the name of the project we argue that the well established concept of “Social exclusion” is better suited to be used as an analytical tool within the project. While the concept of utanförskap/alientation in contemporary Swedish political debate lacks a proper theoretical definition, it has in the academic sphere first and foremost been used in a social psychological sense, rather than in analyses of external observable factors such as unemployment and economic disadvantage. It is the latter type of analyses that are the focus of the research project.Social disadvantage; Poverty; Social exclusion; Discrimination; Welfare

A mechanistic understanding of repellent function against mammalian herbivores

BackgroundBrowsing repellents are widely used to deter large herbivores from consuming plants of ecological, economic and aesthetic importance. Understanding how these repellents function on a behavioural mechanistic level is critical to predicting effectiveness. Here, we illustrate how these mechanisms can be tested, by exposing a model mammalian herbivore, the fallow deer, to different concentrations of a commercial chemical repellent (HaTe2) in two-choice feeding trials.ResultsThe repellent acted as a defensive chemical for the food by both reducing visitation and the amount consumed. Deer favoured the less defended feeders before ingesting any food, suggesting that the repellent altered olfactory and/or visual cues. Deer also consumed less of the more defended food when choosing between low and high repellent feeders than no and low repellent feeders, indicating that the repellent modified flavour and/or sensation. Repellent effectiveness declined with increased exposure, suggesting that consumption had no negative post-ingestive effects, and thus, deterrence was not caused by a conditioned aversion or irritation. Instead, this pattern suggests that deer learned, through repeated sampling of repellent-treated food, that there was no adverse physiological effect of ingesting it.ConclusionsThese results imply that HaTe2 repellent will not be effective over prolonged periods or in the absence of alternative untreated food. Understanding the mechanisms driving repellent function using two-choice trials could help practitioners decide whether a particular repellent is likely to be effective against mammalian herbivory in their management scenario

Calculated and experimental Schmid factors for chip flow deformation of textured CVD α-alumina coatings

A thorough analysis of Schmid factors (m) for three different (basal and two prismatic) slip systems and three different coating textures, (0001), (011\uaf2) and (112\uaf0), was done in order to understand the influence of CVD α-alumina coating textures on the ability of the coatings to deform plastically at different locations on the rake face of a cutting tool insert during a metal machining operation. Schmid factor diagrams were constructed using MATLAB/MTEX in order to visualize the angular dependence of an external force relative to the α-Al O crystals (grains) on the Schmid factor. The diagrams were also used to extract m-value frequency distributions for different slip systems and textures. In addition, lateral m-value distribution maps were obtained from experimental textured coatings using electron backscatter diffraction. These maps show the ability for neighboring grains to deform plastically in the coatings. Cutting tool inserts with differently textured α-Al2O3 coatings were subjected to dry machining of a quench-tempered steel. Using scanning electron microscopy, the microstructure and surface topography of the worn alumina layers were investigated and it was found that a flatter surface morphology and higher probability of discrete plastic deformation are connected to less wear. This was observed in the (0001)-textured sample, which also exhibited the highest m-values in the wear zone with highest temperatures and external forces. It was observed that basal slip is most easily activated, followed by prismatic slip systems 1 and 2 in this case. For (011\uaf2) and (112\uaf0) textured coatings the differences in m-values for the three slip systems are not that big, and the distributions are relatively wide. It is clear that the Schmid factor analysis forms a basis that is important for understanding crater wear, especially when it is connected to local plastic deformation, of textured CVD α-Al2O3 coatings. The methodology of this work can be expanded to other coating systems and also more generally to applications where it is of interest to analyze the deformation behavior and local plastic anisotropy of textured materials

Wild boar behaviour during live-trap capture in a corral-style trap: implications for animal welfare

Background Wildlife traps are used in many countries without evaluation of their effect on animal welfare. Trap-capture of wild animals should minimise negative effects on animal welfare, irrespective of whether the animals are trapped for hunting, research, or management purposes. Live-trap capture of wild boar (Sus scrofa) followed by killing inside the trap by gunshot is a recently introduced but disputed hunting method in Sweden. Approval of trap constructions is based on gross necropsy findings of 20 trapped and shot wild boars. For improved animal welfare evaluation, our aim was to study wild boar behaviour during live-trapping in a 16 m(2) square corral-style trap. Behavioural assessments were conducted after filming 12 capture events of in total 38 wild boars (five adults, 20 subadults, 13 piglets). Selected behavioural traits were compared with pathological changes (trap-related lesions) found at necropsy of the 20 subadults, to determine if these variables were useful proxies of capture-induced stress in wild boar. Results The wild boars spent less time resting in the evening than in the night and morning. Using Friedman's ANOVA, there was an overall difference in the time spent foraging. However, we only found a difference between the evening and morning in the Wilcoxon matched pairs test after the Sequential Bonferroni correction, where the wild boars spent more time foraging in the evening than in the morning. Single captured individuals showed more escape behaviours and reacted more strongly to external stimuli than individuals captured in a group. It was more common for animals to charge against the mesh walls of the trap upon human approach compared to upon initial capture when the trap door closed. Trap-related pathological findings due to trauma were documented in 13 of the 20 subadults that were necropsied. Behavioural alterations indicative of capture-induced stress (e.g. charging into the trap walls) were documented in trapped wild boars with no or minor physical injuries (e.g. skin abrasions, subcutaneous haemorrhage). Conclusions Behavioural assessment provided valuable information for determination of capture-induced stress in wild boar when evaluating live-trapping in a corral-style trap, whereas pathological evaluation through necropsy did not fully reflect the animal welfare aspects of live-trapping. We emphasize the inclusion of species-specific behavioural data assessment for evaluation of capture-related stress during live-trapping and for testing of new trap constructions before approval

Juvenile and adult criminality : Relationships to platelet MAO activity, triiodothyronine, ADHD, conduct disorder and psychopathy

Indicators for persistent risk criminality in a group of grown up juveniledelinquents were investigated. The subjects had been examined In 'YoungLawbreakers': A study of 192 boys from an urban area, aged of 11-14 yearsin 1959-1963. They had committed crime against property, serious enoughfor prosecution if not being underaged. The control group included 95 boys,matched for age, family type, social group and area of dwelling. As adults theoriginal cohort was followed up sociologically and 199 of them alsopsychologically. Within a somatic-physiologic follow up, performed in 1989-91, the present study included 78 former juvenile delinquents and 47controls (mean age 43.5 years) of the psychologically examined subjects.Biological variables, behaviour symptoms during adolescence andpsychopathy related personality traits as adults were studied in relation tothe subjects' cumulated registered criminality. The juvenile delinquentswere classified into two groups: subjects registered for crime from 15 yearsof age and those who were not. Subjects from the control group, neverregistered for crime, were used as a normative group. All subjects weredistributed into 'low' and 'high' groups according to the median plateletmonoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and the mean of triiodothyronine (T3), ofthe control group, diagnosis of conduct disorder (CD) or not, and scores or noton the Psychopathy Check List (PCL). The presence of low platelet MAOactivity increased the relative risk for persistent criminality more than threetimes. Of juvenile delinquents with low platelet MAO activity and PCL scores70% persisted in crime in contrast to none of those with high platelet MAOactivity and no PCL score. No correlation was found between platelet MAOactivity and PCL scores. Increased levels of T3 were found to be associatedwith a more than three times increased risk for persistent criminality. Thepresence of symptoms of ADHD and CD were correlated to each other. CD wasfound to be the main contributor to persistent criminality. Risk indicators forpersistent criminality were low platelet MAO activity. Presence of PCLscores, high level of T3 and a diagnosis of CD. Configuration FrequencyAnalysis revealed one significant 'type' constituted by a high number of riskindicators, 'early' debut in crime and persistent criminality, and another'type' with no or a low number of risk indicators, 'late' debut in crime andno persistent criminality.Key words: Debut age, criminality, risk, monoamine oxidase,triiodothyronine, conduct disorder, psychopathy, juvenile delinquency,longitudinal research ISBN 91-628-1999-2 Stockholm 199