Glycosaminoglycan distribution in the rat uterine cervix during the estrous cycle

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the amount of glycosaminoglycans in the uterine cervix during each phase of the rat estrous cycle. DESIGN: Based on vaginal smears, forty female, regularly cycling rats were divided into four groups (n = 10 for each group): GI - proestrous, GII - estrous, GIII - metaestrous and GIV - diestrous. Animals were sacrificed at each phase of the cycle, and the cervix was immediately removed and submitted to biochemical extraction and determination of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The results were analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test. RESULTS: The uterine cervix had the highest amount of total sulfated glycosaminoglycans and dermatan sulfate during the estrous phase (8.90 ± 0.55 mg/g of cetonic extract, p<0.001; and 8.86 ± 0.57 mg/g of cetonic extract, p<0.001). In addition, there was more heparan sulfate at the cervix during the proestrous phase (0.185 ± 0.03 mg/g of cetonic extract) than during any other phase (p<0.001). There were no significant changes in the concentration of hyaluronic acid in the uterine cervix during the estrous cycle. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the amount of total sulfated glycosaminoglycans may be influenced by hormonal fluctuations related to the estrous cycle, with dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate being the glycosaminoglycans most sensitive to hormonal change.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departmento de Morfologia e GenéticaUniversidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Obstetrícia e GinecologiaUniversidade de São Paulo Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Department of PharmacologyEscola Paulista de Medicina Department of GynecologyUNIFESP, Departmento de Morfologia e GenéticaEscola Paulista de Medicina Department of GynecologySciEL

Effects of chronic amprenavir treatment on rat pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the chronic effects of amprenavir on implantations, reabsorptions, fetuses, placentae, and maternal and fetal mortality in the albino rat. METHODS: five groups of EPM-1 Wistar pregnant rats were used: two controls: Contr1 (control of stress) and Contr2 (drug vehicle control), and 3 experimental groups that were treated once a day throughout gestation with 46mg/kg (Exper1), 138mg/kg (Exper2) and 414mg/kg (Exper3) of oral solution of amprenavir. The drug and the vehicle (propyleneglycol) were administered by gavage. The evaluations included maternal body weight gain, number of implantations, reabsorptions, fetuses, placentae and of intrauterine deaths as well as fetal and placental mean weight and major malformations. Fragments of lungs, kidneys, liver and intestines were collected and prepared for histopathological evaluation. RESULTS: Exper3 group tended to show lesser maternal body weight gain during gestation (P = 0.07), but amprenavir did not affect the intrauterine contents. The cytotoxic effect of the drug was observed with regard to the histopathological analyses of pregnant rat viscerae and to the maternal mortality rate: 50% in Exper1 and Exper2 groups, and 70% in Exper3 group. CONCLUSION: amprenavir exerted adverse side effects on maternal lung, gut, kidney and liver, and significantly increased maternal mortality rates in all administered doses and especially at 414 mg/kg.OBJETIVO: avaliar o efeito do uso crônico do amprenavir sobre as implantações, reabsorções, fetos, placentas e mortalidade materna e fetal da rata albina. MÉTODOS: 5 grupos de ratas albinas EPM-1 Wistar, prenhes, foram usados: 2 controles, Contr1 (controle do estresse) e Contr2 (controle do veículo), e três grupos experimentais, Exper1, Exper2 e Exper3, que receberam, respectivamente, 46, 138 e 414 mg/kg de peso de solução oral de amprenavir. Droga e veículo (propilenoglicol) foram ministrados por gavagem. Foram avaliados a evolução ponderal, número de implantações, de reabsorções, de fetos, de placentas e de óbitos intra-uterinos, o peso dos fetos e das placentas e malformações maiores. Foram retirados fragmentos de pulmões, rins, fígado e intestinos para avaliação histopatológica. RESULTADOS: observou-se, no grupo Exper3, tendência a menor ganho de peso materno durante a prenhez (p=0,07), mas o amprenavir não causou efeitos deletérios sobre o conteúdo intra-uterino. O efeito citotóxico da droga revelou-se nas análises histopatológicas de vísceras das ratas prenhes e na taxa de mortalidade materna: 50% nos grupos Exper1 e Exper2 e 70% no grupo Exper3. CONCLUSÃO: o amprenavir, em todas as doses administradas, mas especialmente na dose de 414 mg/kg de peso, mostrou ter efeito deletério sobre os pulmões, intestinos, rins e fígado maternos e aumentou significantemente o percentual de mortalidade materna.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de ObstetríciaUniversidade de São Paulo Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Departamento de FarmacologiaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de ObstetríciaSciEL

Effects of Pentoxifylline on TNF-Alpha and Lung Histopathology in HCl-Induced Lung Injury

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of pentoxifylline on hydrochloric acid-induced lung lesions in rats subjected to mechanical ventilation. METHODS: Twenty male, adult Wistar-EPM-1 rats were anesthetized and randomly grouped (n=5 animals per group) as follows: control-MV (mechanical ventilation, MV group); bilateral instillation of HCl (HCl group); bilateral instillation of HCl followed by pentoxifylline (50 mg/kg bw) infusion (HCl+PTX group) and pentoxifylline infusion followed by bilateral instillation of HCl (PTX+HCl group). At 20, 30, 90 and 180 min after treatments, the blood partial pressures of CO2 and O2 were measured. The animals were euthanized, and bronchoalveolar lavages were taken to determine the contents of total proteins, corticosterone and TNF-alpha. Samples of lung tissue were used for histomorphometric studies and determining the wet-to-dry (W/D) lung weight ratio. RESULTS: In the MV group, rats had alveolar septal congestion, and, in the HCl group, a remarkable recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages into the alveoli was noticed; these events were reduced in the animals with PTX+HCl. The partial pressure of oxygen increased in PTX+HCl animals (121±5 mmHg) as compared with the HCl (62±6 mmHg) and HCl+PTX (67±3 mmHg) groups within 30 minutes. TNF-alpha levels in bronchoalveolar lavage were significantly higher in the HCl group (458±50 pg/mL), reduced in the HCl+PTX group (329±45 pg/mL) and lowest in the PTX+HCl group (229±41 pg/mL). The levels of corticosterone in bronchoalveolar lavage were significantly lower in the HCl (8±1.3 ng/mL) and HCl+PTX group (16±2 ng/mL) and were highest in the PTX+HCl (27±1.9 ng/mL). CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with PTX improves oxygenation, reduces TNF-alpha concentration and increases the concentration of corticosterone in bronchoalveolar lavage upon lung lesion induced by HCl

Os efeitos dos estrogênios conjugados equinos e do tamoxifeno na histomorfologia da glândula tireóide de ratas

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of the conjugated equine estrogens and tamoxifen on the morphology of thyroid gland in ovariectomized (OVx) rats. METHODS: Conjugated equine estrogens (CEE), clinically used as estrogen therapy, is a complex formulation containing multiple estrogens that decrease menopausal symptoms. Thirty ovariectomized rats were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups: GI, vehicle (propylene glycol); GII, CEE 200 &micro;g/kg per day; and GIII, tamoxifen 1 mg/kg per day. Another group of 10 rats with intact ovaries (GIV) was included, treated with the vehicle, and sacrificed during estrous. All animals were treated by gavage for 50 days, after which they were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected, and the thyroid was removed for morphological analysis and PCNA evaluation through immunohistochemical study. RESULTS: The thyroid follicular cell height was increased in animals treated with CEE (14.90 &plusmn; 0.20 µm), with TAM (14.90 &plusmn; 0.10 µm), and in rats with intact ovaries (15.10 &plusmn; 0.50 µm) in comparison to that of the vehicle group (9.90 &plusmn; 0.20 µm) (P < 0.001). The follicular area was larger in the CEE (2,225 &plusmn; 51 µm²) and TAM (2,127 &plusmn; 67 µm²) groups compared to that of the vehicle group (5,016 &plusmn; 53 &micro;m²). The levels of T4 and T3 in rats treated with CEE, with Tamoxifen and in rats with intact ovaries, were higher than those those in the vehicle group (P < 0.001). The PCNA index in the vehicle group was lower than in other groups. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that estrogen and tamoxifen administration has a proliferative effect on the thyroid.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ação dos estrogênios conjugados eqüinos e do tamoxifeno na histomorfologia da tireóide de ratas. MÉTODO: Estrogênios conjugados eqüinos são ministrados clinicamente como terapia estrogênica e contêm formulação complexa com muitos tipos de estrogênios que diminuem os sintomas da pós-menopausa. Trinta ratas adultas ooforectomizadas foram divididas aleatoriamente em três grupos: GI - veículo (propilenoglicol); GII - ECE 200 &micro;g/Kg por dia; e GIII - TAM 1 mg/Kg por dia. Acrescentou-se ainda um grupo de 10 animais com os ovários intactos e tratados com veículo (GIV). Todos os animais foram tratados por gavagem durante 50 dias consecutivos, ao final foram coletadas amostras do sangue e a tireóide removida e processada para análise morfológica e imunohistoquímico para avaliar o PCNA. RESULTADOS: A maior altura das células foliculares foi observada nos animais tratados com ECE (14,90 &plusmn; 0,20 µm), TAM (14,90 &plusmn; 0,10 µm) e no grupo com ovários intactos (15,10 &plusmn; 0,50 µm), comparando-se aos controles ovariectomizados (GI) (9,90 &plusmn; 0,20 µm) (

Anthropometry and lifestyle of children and adolescent in inland of Northeastern Brazil

Introduction: Brazil is going through a nutritional transition, which is observed decrease in malnutrition and increased excess weight.Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status and lifestyle of school children and adolescents from 4 to 17 years old resident in the interior of the Brazilian Northeast.Methods: This is a longitudinal study performed in two stages. The first stage took place during the School Health Program and anthropometric data were collected from 975 schoolchildren. In the second stage, it was used a questionnaire to assess lifestyle and diet. Participants were classified into “not overweight” and “overweight”. The significant level for the statistical tests was set at 5%.Results: In the first stage, less than 2% of students had low height for age. The prevalence of overweight and malnutrition was 22.15% and 5.23%, respectively.  Of the 134 participants of the second stage, 47.76% were not overweight and 52.24% overweight. Regarding the lifestyle, the not overweight group had a higher percentage of insufficiently active members (p = 0.017) and a lower intake of vegetables and salads (p=0.015).Conclusions: The results revealed low short stature in the population studied and overweight was more prevalent than malnutrition. Children and adolescents had sedentary habits that associated with inappropriate dietary practices favor the occurrence of overweight.

Differential regulation of the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and of eicosanoids by mast cells in rat airways after antigen challenge.

BACKGROUND: Rat trachea display a differential topographical distribution of connective tissue mast cells (CTMC) and mucosal mast cells (MMC) that may imply regional differences in the release of allergic mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and eicosanoids. AIM: To evaluate the role of CTMC and MMC for release of TNF-alpha and eicosanoids after allergenic challenge in distinct segments of rat trachea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Proximal trachea (PT) and distal trachea (DT) from ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized rats, treated or not with compound 48/80 (48/80) or dexamethasone, were incubated in culture medium. After OVA challenge, aliquots were collected to study release of TNF-alpha and eicosanoids. RESULTS: Release of TNF-alpha by PT upon OVA challenge peaked at 90 min and decayed at 6 and 24 h. Release from DT peaked at 30-90 min and decayed 6 and 24 h later. When CTMC were depleted with 48/80, OVA challenge exacerbated the TNF-alpha release by PT at all time intervals, while DT exacerbated TNF-alpha levels 6 and 24 h later only. Dexamethasone reduced TNF-alpha production after 90 min of OVA challenge in PT and at 3 and 6h in DT. OVA challenge increased prostaglandin D2) in DT and leukotriene B4 in both segments but did not modify prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene C4 release. CONCLUSION: OVA challenge induces TNF-alpha release from MMC, which is negatively regulated by CTMC. The profile of TNF-alpha and eicosanoids depends on the time after OVA challenge and of the tracheal segment considered

Alterações neuroendócrinas interferem com a mineralização do esmalte, a erupção dentária e a saliva em ratos

Neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in rats causes definite neuroendocrine disturbances which lead to alterations in many organ systems. The possibility that MSG could affect tooth and salivary gland physiology was examined in this paper. Male and female pups were injected subcutaneously with MSG (4 mg/g BW) once a day at the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th day after birth. Control animals were injected with saline, following the same schedule. Lower incisor eruption was determined between the 4th and the 10th postnatal days, and the eruption rate was measured between the 43rd and the 67th days of age. Pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow was measured at 3 months of age; protein and amylase contents were thereby determined. The animals treated with MSG showed significant reductions in the salivary flow (males, -27%; females, -40%) and in the weight of submandibular glands (about -12%). Body weight reduction was only about 7% for males, and did not vary in females. Saliva of MSG-treated rats had increased concentrations of total proteins and amylase activity. The eruption of lower incisors occurred earlier in MSG-treated rats than in the control group, but on the other hand the eruption rate was significantly slowed down. The incisor microhardness was found to be lower than that of control rats. Our results show that neonatal MSG treatment causes well-defined oral disturbances in adulthood in rats, including salivary flow reduction, which coexisted with unaltered protein synthesis, and disturbances of dental mineralization and eruption. These data support the view that some MSG-sensitive hypothalamic nuclei have an important modulatory effect on the factors which determine caries susceptibility.A administração neonatal de glutamato monossódico (MSG) em ratos provoca distúrbios neuroendócrinos que acarretam alterações em vários sistemas orgânicos. Neste trabalho, avaliamos as repercussões desse tratamento sobre dentes e glândulas salivares. Ratos machos e fêmeas recém-nascidos foram injetados com MSG (4 mg/g peso corporal, s.c.) uma vez ao dia nos 2&ordm;, 4&ordm;, 6&ordm;, 8&ordm; e 10&ordm; dias após o nascimento; o grupo controle recebeu solução salina no mesmo esquema. O momento da erupção do incisivo inferior foi determinado entre o 4&ordm; e o 10&ordm; dia de vida, e o ritmo de erupção foi medido entre o 43&ordm; e o 67&ordm; dia. O fluxo de saliva e o conteúdo salivar de proteína e amilase foram determinados sob estimulação com pilocarpina aos 3 meses de idade. Os animais tratados com MSG mostraram reduções significativas do fluxo salivar (machos: -27%; fêmeas: -40%) e do peso das glândulas submandibulares (cerca de -12%). Apenas em machos houve discreta redução do peso corporal (7%). A saliva dos animais tratados com MSG apresentou aumento na concentração de proteínas totais e na atividade amilásica. A erupção dos incisivos inferiores ocorreu mais precocemente nos ratos tratados do que nos controles, porém a taxa de erupção apresentou-se significativamente reduzida. A microdureza também foi menor nos animais tratados. Nossos resultados mostram que o tratamento de ratos recém-nascidos com MSG causa um quadro definido de alterações buco-dentais no animal adulto, traduzidas por redução do fluxo de saliva (sem redução da síntese protéica) e distúrbios de mineralização e erupção dentárias. Esses dados apontam para o importante papel modulador que certos núcleos hipotalâmicos sensíveis ao MSG exercem sobre os fatores que regulam a suscetibilidade à cárie

Bibliometric Study: Analysis Of Scientific Productions On Balanced Scorecard In The Public Sector

With the evolution of management practices, new management methods and tools were adopted in public entities in order to optimize the delivery of services to their steakholders. In this scenario, the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) offers an important tool to assist in the strategic management of public entities. Therefore, this work aims to generate a bibliometric analysis of the scientific production on the BSC tool in the public sector in the period of five years (2014-2018), to clarify the functionalities and to survey data through the Web Database of Science. The procedure to perform this review of scientific production involved, initially, access to the database, followed by research by the terms "BSC and Government" and "BSC and Public Management". Afterwards, they were exported and ordered in the matrix in order to perform the analysis of the elements obtained. The methodology used was of a descriptive and quantitative nature. The main results emphasize that the production registered in the database used is scarce, observing that only 27 publications were found in the studied temporal cutout. It also indicates that, in the range comprised, the Brazilian production was on a large scale together with the Australian and Portuguese production equated to other countries contained in the research and, finally, that there is an inconstancy in the publication of articles related to this subject. This article is structured as follows: introduction, theoretical reference, methodology, results and discussions and conclusion

Генетический алгоритм балансировки нагрузки в сети

Предложен генетический алгоритм решения задачи балансировки нагрузки на каналы связи в компьютерных и транспортных сетях как многопараметрической задачи оптимизации. Обоснованы особенности представления хромосом и генетических операций кроссовера, мутации и отбора. Сформированы подходы использования описанного алгоритма в существующих сетях с использованием современных протоколов маршрутизации.A genetic algorithm is suggested of solving the problem of a balancing of the load on the communication channels in computer and transport networks as a multi-parametric problem of optimization. The peculiarities of the representation of chromosomes and genetic operations of a crossover. Mutation and a selection are substantiated. The approaches of using the described algorithm in the existing networks are formulated with the use of contemporary protocols of the routing.Запропоновано генетичний алгоритм розв'язання задачі балансування навантаження на канали зв’язку в комп’ютерних та транспортних мережах як багатопараметричної задачі оптимізації. Обґрунтовано особливості представлення хромосом та генетичних операцій кросоверу, мутації та відбору. Сформовано підходи використання описаного алгоритму в існуючих мережах із використанням сучасних протоколів маршрутизації