Soil drainage periods during tillering and agronomic traits of rice cultivars grown with pre-germinated seeds

A retirada da água no perfilhamento é uma prática comumente efetuada pelos produtores de arroz irrigado no Estado de Santa Catarina, visando a estimular o enraizamento, prevenir o acamamento e facilitar a colheita. Contudo, ela pode estressar a cultura, reduzindo o número de perfilhos, a produção de panículas por área e a produtividade. Este trabalho foi conduzido objetivando avaliar os efeitos de períodos de drenagem do solo no perfilhamento sobre características agronômicas de duas cultivares de arroz de ciclos contrastantes. O experimento foi implantado no município de Pouso Redondo, localizado no Alto Vale do Itajaí, SC, durante os anos agrícolas de 2004/2005 e 2005/2006. Testaram-se quatro períodos de drenagem do solo no afilhamento: T1 = sem drenagem; T2 = drenagem aos 45 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e retorno da irrigação 7 dias após; T3 = drenagem aos 45 DAS e retorno 14 dias após; e T4 = drenagem aos 45 DAS e retorno 20 dias após. Em cada sistema de manejo da irrigação, foram testadas as cultivares “EPAGRI 106” (precoce) e “EPAGRI 109” (tardia). O rendimento de grãos variou entre 7.833 e 9.239kg ha-1 (2004/2005) e 3.984 e 9.040kg ha-1 (2005/2006). O sistema de manejo da irrigação no perfilhamento não interferiu sobre o rendimento de grãos e seus componentes, nem sobre a renda base e o rendimento de grãos inteiros. A elevada precipitação ocorrida durante o período de drenagem evitou a ocorrência de deficiência hídrica, mitigando o efeito do sistema de manejo da irrigação sobre o rendimento de grãos. As diferenças de ciclo entre as cutivares não afetaram a resposta das variáveis analisadas ao sistema de manejo da irrigação. Períodos de drenagem de até 20 dias no perfilhamento não reduzem a produtividade do arroz irrigado cultivado no sistema pré-germinado.The water withdraw is a management practice frequently used by rice growers in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The water removal aims at enhancing root development, to prevent lodging and to facilitate harvesting. On the other hand, water removal may stress the crop, reducing the number of tillers, decreasing the number of panicles per area and limiting grain yield. This experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of different periods of soil drainage at tillering on the agronomic traits of rice cultivars with contrasting cycles. The experiment was set in Pouso Redondo, SC, during the growing seasons of 2004/2005 and 2005/2006. Four periods of water drainage were tested: no drainage, soil drainage at tillering and re-flooding at 7, 14 and 21 days after soil drainage. Two cultivars were evaluated for each irrigation system: Epagri 106 (short duration) and Epagri 109 (late duration). Grain yield ranged from 7.833 to 9.239kg ha-1 (2004/2005) and from 3.984 to 9.040kg ha-1 (2005/2006). The water management system at tillering did not affect grain yield, yield components and rice milling yield. High pluvial precipitation during the drainage periods prevented drought, mitigating the effects of water management system on rice grain yield. The cultivar differences in growth cycle did not impact their response to the water management system. Soil drainage periods up to 20 days at tillering do not reduce the pre-germinated paddy rice productivity

Soil drainage at tillering does not stimulate pre-germinated rice root growth

Embora não seja oficialmente recomendada pelas entidades de pesquisa, a retirada da água no perfilhamento é uma prática cultural frequentemente utilizada pelos produtores de arroz irrigado no Estado de Santa Catarina, visando a estimular a emissão de raízes e a reduzir o acamamento. Este trabalho foi conduzido objetivando-se avaliar as alterações nas características morfológicas de raízes e da parte aérea do arroz promovidas pela drenagem no perfilhamento. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no município de Lages, SC. Foram testados quatro sistemas de manejo da irrigação durante o perfilhamento: irrigação contínua, retirada da água 45 dias após a semeadura, com retorno da irrigação aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após a drenagem. Para cada sistema de manejo da irrigação, avaliaram-se duas cultivares: “EPAGRI- 106” (precoce) e “EPAGRI-109” (tardia). As unidades experimentais foram baldes com 7kg de solo e o delineamento experimental foi completamente casualizado. O ensaio foi implantado em 24/09/2004, utilizando-se sementes prégerminadas. Os parâmetros de parte área foram determinados 22 dias após o início da drenagem, quando todas as unidades experimentais estavam novamente inundadas. Os parâmetros radiculares foram determinados logo após a coleta da parte aérea. O comprimento, a área, o volume radicular e a matéria seca de raízes reduziram-se com o aumento na duração do período de drenagem nas duas cultivares. A retirada da água no afilhamento não afetou a produção de fitomassa na parte aérea, mas reduziu a relação raiz/parte área. O número de folhas senescidas foi maior e a estatura da planta foi menor no tratamento com maior período de drenagem do que naquele onde a irrigação foi contínua. A drenagem no afilhamento não demonstrou ser uma prática cultural efetiva para estimular o desenvolvimento radicular do arroz irrigado cultivado no sistema pré-germinado.Even though it is not officially recommended by the research institutes, water removal at tillering is a management practice frequently used by pre-germinated rice growers in the State of Santa Catarina, aiming to stimulate root growth and to reduce plant lodging. A green-house study was carried out with the objective of evaluate the changes in root and shoot morphological traits promoted by soil drainage at tillering. The experiment was performed in the city of Lages, SC, Brazil. Four water management systems were tested: continuous flooding, water removal at tillering and re-flooding at 7, 14 and 21 days after soil drainage. Two cultivars were evaluated for each irrigation system: ‘Epagri 106’ (short season) and ‘Epagri 109’ (long season). The experimental units were 7kg pots disposed in a completely randomized experimental design. The experiment was installed on 09/24/2004, using pre-germinated seeds. The shoot parameters were determined 22 days after soil drainage, when all experimental units were re-flooded. The root parameters were determined after shoot harvesting. The root length, area, volume and dry matter were reduced with the increase in soil drainage period for both cultivars. The water withdraw at tillering did not affect shoot dry matter but it decreased the root/shoot ratio. The number of senesced leaves was higher and plant height was lower in the treatments with the longer drainage period than when the irrigation was continuous. Soil drainage at tillering does not seem to be an effective management practice to enhance root development in the pre-germinated rice production system

A drenagem do solo no perfilhamento não estimula o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular do arroz irrigado cultivado no sistema pré-germinado Soil drainage at tillering does not stimulate pre-germinated rice root growth

Embora não seja oficialmente recomendada pelas entidades de pesquisa, a retirada da água no perfilhamento é uma prática cultural frequentemente utilizada pelos produtores de arroz irrigado no Estado de Santa Catarina, visando a estimular a emissão de raízes e a reduzir o acamamento. Este trabalho foi conduzido objetivando-se avaliar as alterações nas características morfológicas de raízes e da parte aérea do arroz promovidas pela drenagem no perfilhamento. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no município de Lages, SC. Foram testados quatro sistemas de manejo da irrigação durante o perfilhamento: irrigação contínua, retirada da água 45 dias após a semeadura, com retorno da irrigação aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após a drenagem. Para cada sistema de manejo da irrigação, avaliaram-se duas cultivares: "EPAGRI-106" (precoce) e "EPAGRI-109" (tardia). As unidades experimentais foram baldes com 7kg de solo e o delineamento experimental foi completamente casualizado. O ensaio foi implantado em 24/09/2004, utilizando-se sementes pré-germinadas. Os parâmetros de parte área foram determinados 22 dias após o início da drenagem, quando todas as unidades experimentais estavam novamente inundadas. Os parâmetros radiculares foram determinados logo após a coleta da parte aérea. O comprimento, a área, o volume radicular e a matéria seca de raízes reduziram-se com o aumento na duração do período de drenagem nas duas cultivares. A retirada da água no afilhamento não afetou a produção de fitomassa na parte aérea, mas reduziu a relação raiz/parte área. O número de folhas senescidas foi maior e a estatura da planta foi menor no tratamento com maior período de drenagem do que naquele onde a irrigação foi contínua. A drenagem no afilhamento não demonstrou ser uma prática cultural efetiva para estimular o desenvolvimento radicular do arroz irrigado cultivado no sistema pré-germinado.Even though it is not officially recommended by the research institutes, water removal at tillering is a management practice frequently used by pre-germinated rice growers in the State of Santa Catarina, aiming to stimulate root growth and to reduce plant lodging. A green-house study was carried out with the objective of evaluate the changes in root and shoot morphological traits promoted by soil drainage at tillering. The experiment was performed in the city of Lages, SC, Brazil. Four water management systems were tested: continuous flooding, water removal at tillering and re-flooding at 7, 14 and 21 days after soil drainage. Two cultivars were evaluated for each irrigation system: 'Epagri 106' (short season) and 'Epagri 109' (long season). The experimental units were 7kg pots disposed in a completely randomized experimental design. The experiment was installed on 09/24/2004, using pre-germinated seeds. The shoot parameters were determined 22 days after soil drainage, when all experimental units were re-flooded. The root parameters were determined after shoot harvesting. The root length, area, volume and dry matter were reduced with the increase in soil drainage period for both cultivars. The water withdraw at tillering did not affect shoot dry matter but it decreased the root/shoot ratio. The number of senesced leaves was higher and plant height was lower in the treatments with the longer drainage period than when the irrigation was continuous. Soil drainage at tillering does not seem to be an effective management practice to enhance root development in the pre-germinated rice production system

Implementation of Recommendations on the Use of Corticosteroids in Severe COVID-19

Importance: Research diversity and representativeness are paramount in building trust, generating valid biomedical knowledge, and possibly in implementing clinical guidelines. Objectives: To compare variations over time and across World Health Organization (WHO) geographic regions of corticosteroid use for treatment of severe COVID-19; secondary objectives were to evaluate the association between the timing of publication of the RECOVERY (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy) trial (June 2020) and the WHO guidelines for corticosteroids (September 2020) and the temporal trends observed in corticosteroid use by region and to describe the geographic distribution of the recruitment in clinical trials that informed the WHO recommendation. Design, setting, and participants: This prospective cohort study of 434 851 patients was conducted between January 31, 2020, and September 2, 2022, in 63 countries worldwide. The data were collected under the auspices of the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC)-WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol for Severe Emerging Infections. Analyses were restricted to patients hospitalized for severe COVID-19 (a subset of the ISARIC data set). Exposure: Corticosteroid use as reported to the ISARIC-WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol for Severe Emerging Infections. Main outcomes and measures: Number and percentage of patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 who received corticosteroids by time period and by WHO geographic region. Results: Among 434 851 patients with confirmed severe or critical COVID-19 for whom receipt of corticosteroids could be ascertained (median [IQR] age, 61.0 [48.0-74.0] years; 53.0% male), 174 307 (40.1%) received corticosteroids during the study period. Of the participants in clinical trials that informed the guideline, 91.6% were recruited from the United Kingdom. In all regions, corticosteroid use for severe COVID-19 increased, but this increase corresponded to the timing of the RECOVERY trial (time-interruption coefficient 1.0 [95% CI, 0.9-1.2]) and WHO guideline (time-interruption coefficient 1.9 [95% CI, 1.7-2.0]) publications only in Europe. At the end of the study period, corticosteroid use for treatment of severe COVID-19 was highest in the Americas (5421 of 6095 [88.9%]; 95% CI, 87.7-90.2) and lowest in Africa (31 588 of 185 191 [17.1%]; 95% CI, 16.8-17.3). Conclusions and relevance: The results of this cohort study showed that implementation of the guidelines for use of corticosteroids in the treatment of severe COVID-19 varied geographically. Uptake of corticosteroid treatment was lower in regions with limited clinical trial involvement. Improving research diversity and representativeness may facilitate timely knowledge uptake and guideline implementation

Characteristics and outcomes of an international cohort of 600 000 hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Background: We describe demographic features, treatments and clinical outcomes in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 cohort, one of the world's largest international, standardized data sets concerning hospitalized patients. Methods: The data set analysed includes COVID-19 patients hospitalized between January 2020 and January 2022 in 52 countries. We investigated how symptoms on admission, co-morbidities, risk factors and treatments varied by age, sex and other characteristics. We used Cox regression models to investigate associations between demographics, symptoms, co-morbidities and other factors with risk of death, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Results: Data were available for 689 572 patients with laboratory-confirmed (91.1%) or clinically diagnosed (8.9%) SARS-CoV-2 infection from 52 countries. Age [adjusted hazard ratio per 10 years 1.49 (95% CI 1.48, 1.49)] and male sex [1.23 (1.21, 1.24)] were associated with a higher risk of death. Rates of admission to an ICU and use of IMV increased with age up to age 60 years then dropped. Symptoms, co-morbidities and treatments varied by age and had varied associations with clinical outcomes. The case-fatality ratio varied by country partly due to differences in the clinical characteristics of recruited patients and was on average 21.5%. Conclusions: Age was the strongest determinant of risk of death, with a ∼30-fold difference between the oldest and youngest groups; each of the co-morbidities included was associated with up to an almost 2-fold increase in risk. Smoking and obesity were also associated with a higher risk of death. The size of our international database and the standardized data collection method make this study a comprehensive international description of COVID-19 clinical features. Our findings may inform strategies that involve prioritization of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who have a higher risk of death

ISARIC-COVID-19 dataset: A Prospective, Standardized, Global Dataset of Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19

The International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 dataset is one of the largest international databases of prospectively collected clinical data on people hospitalized with COVID-19. This dataset was compiled during the COVID-19 pandemic by a network of hospitals that collect data using the ISARIC-World Health Organization Clinical Characterization Protocol and data tools. The database includes data from more than 705,000 patients, collected in more than 60 countries and 1,500 centres worldwide. Patient data are available from acute hospital admissions with COVID-19 and outpatient follow-ups. The data include signs and symptoms, pre-existing comorbidities, vital signs, chronic and acute treatments, complications, dates of hospitalization and discharge, mortality, viral strains, vaccination status, and other data. Here, we present the dataset characteristics, explain its architecture and how to gain access, and provide tools to facilitate its use

Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital with and without respiratory symptoms

Background: COVID-19 is primarily known as a respiratory illness; however, many patients present to hospital without respiratory symptoms. The association between non-respiratory presentations of COVID-19 and outcomes remains unclear. We investigated risk factors and clinical outcomes in patients with no respiratory symptoms (NRS) and respiratory symptoms (RS) at hospital admission. Methods: This study describes clinical features, physiological parameters, and outcomes of hospitalised COVID-19 patients, stratified by the presence or absence of respiratory symptoms at hospital admission. RS patients had one or more of: cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, runny nose or wheezing; while NRS patients did not. Results: Of 178,640 patients in the study, 86.4 % presented with RS, while 13.6 % had NRS. NRS patients were older (median age: NRS: 74 vs RS: 65) and less likely to be admitted to the ICU (NRS: 36.7 % vs RS: 37.5 %). NRS patients had a higher crude in-hospital case-fatality ratio (NRS 41.1 % vs. RS 32.0 %), but a lower risk of death after adjusting for confounders (HR 0.88 [0.83-0.93]). Conclusion: Approximately one in seven COVID-19 patients presented at hospital admission without respiratory symptoms. These patients were older, had lower ICU admission rates, and had a lower risk of in-hospital mortality after adjusting for confounders