Desempenho de vacas Holandesas alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar ou silagens de milho de diferentes textura de grão

O milho cultivado no Brasil é predominantemente de textura dura, e mais propenso a redução na digestibilidade do amido em situação de colheita tardia que híbridos dentados. Este trabalho testou a utilização de milho dentado como maneira de ampliar o período de ensilagem sem reduzir o desempenho animal e avaliou o potencial da cana-de-açúcar em dietas para vacas leiteiras de alta produção. Nove vacas Holandesas foram alocadas em três quadrados latinos 3 ' 3 e alimentadas com 200 g de fibra em detergente neutro oriunda de forragem por kg de matéria seca como milho de textura dura ensilado no estádio de maturação "metade da linha do leite", milho de textura macia no estádio "linha negra" ou cana-de-açúcar. Não foi detectada diferença entre híbridos de milho na produção (34,2 vs 34,6 kg d-1) e na composição do leite, no consumo de matéria seca (23,0 vs 23,2 kg d-1) e na digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes no trato digestivo total. A cana-de-açúcar deprimiu o consumo (21,5 kg d-1) e a produção de leite (31,9 kg d-1). A digestibilidade da matéria orgânica, a atividade mastigatória e o pH ruminal não foram diferentes entre tratamentos. A cana-de-açúcar parece ser uma opção para alimentar grupos de vacas Holandesas durante fases da lactação na qual a demanda nutricional não é a máxima. O desempenho de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com milho dentado ensilado em estádio de maturação "linha negra" foi similar ao de vacas alimentadas com milho duro ensilado no estádio "metade da linha do leite".Corn cultivated in Brazil is predominantly of hard texture, and more propense to decreased starch digestibility under late harvesting situations than dent hybrids. This work tested the utilization of dent corn as a way of extending the ensilage period without reducing animal performance, and evaluated the potential of sugarcane as a forage for high-producing dairy cows. Nine lactating Holstein cows were allocated to three 3 ' 3 latin squares and were fed 200 g of forage neutral detergent fiber per kg of dry matter as either hard texture corn ensiled at the half milk line stage of maturity, soft texture corn ensiled at the black layer stage, or sugarcane. There were no detectable differences between corn hybrids with regard to milk yield (34.2 vs 34.6 kg d-1) and composition, dry matter intake (23.0 vs 23.2 kg d-1) and total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients. Sugarcane decreased feed intake (21.5 kg d-1) and milk yield (31.9 kg d-1). Organic matter digestibility, chewing activity and rumen pH did not differ among treatments. Sugarcane seems to be a viable option to feed groups of Holstein cows during lactation stages in which nutrient demand is not at a maximum. The performance of dairy cows fed dent corn ensiled at the black layer stage of maturity was similar to the performance of cows fed flint corn ensiled at the half milk line stage

Caracterização dos taninos condensados em leguminosas nativas do semi-árido do nordeste brasileiro

Apesar da possível influência do tanino sobre o valor nutritivo das forrageiras da Caatinga, poucos são os estudos que avaliam a concentração de taninos nestas plantas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar os taninos condensados presentes nas espécies Mimosa hostilis (Jurema Preta), Mimosa caesalpinifolia (Sabiá) e Bauhinia cheilantha (Mororó), em três fases do ciclo fenológico. As concentrações de tanino solúvel (TS), tanino ligado ao resíduo (TL) e tanino total (TT) foram determinadas pelo método butanol-HCl; a adstringência foi avaliada pelo método de difusão radial e a composição de monômeros dos taninos purificados através do sistema de cromatografia líquida de alta resolução, utilizando delfinidina, cianidina e pelargonidina como padrões. A concentração e adstringência dos taninos condensados purificados, assim como sua composição monomérica, variou entre as espécies e, em alguns casos, entre os ciclos fenológicos. Os valores foram superiores aos considerados benéficos a digestão ruminal (5%). Jurema Preta apresentou os maiores valores (30,98% TT e 22% de adstringência na vegetação plena) e Mororó os menores valores observados (10,38 TT e 14% de adstringência na frutificação). A Jurema Preta apresentou uma relação prodelfinidina (PD):procianidina (PC) média de 97:3 que se mostrou pouco variável, indicando uma alta capacidade adstringente dos taninos desta espécie em todas as fases do ciclo fenológico. O Sábia apresentou uma relação de 90:20 nas fases de vegetação plena e floração, diminuindo para 40:50 na fase de frutificação. A relação PD:PC do Mororó foi mais equilibrada, oscilando em torno de 40:50 nas fases de vegetação plena e floração e reduzindo para 35:60 durante a frutificação. A propelargonidina esteve ausente ou em pequena concentração nas espécies estudadas.Despite the possible influence of tannins on the nutritional value of the forages from Caatinga vegetation, there are few studies that evaluated their tannin concentration. This study was conducted to characterize condensed tannins present in the legumes species Mimosa hostilis (Jurema Preta), Mimosa caesalpinifolia (Sabiá) and Bauhinia cheilantha (Mororó), at three stages of their phenological cycle. The concentration of soluble tannin (ST), bound tannin (BT) and total tannin (TT) were determined using the butanol-HCL method; astringency was by the radial diffusion method, and the monomeric composition of purified tannins by a high-performance liquid chromatograph with delphinidin, cyanidin and pelargonidin as standards. Concentration and astringency of purified condensed tannins, as well as their monomeric composition varied between species, and in some cases among phenological cycles. The values observed were always above the limits considered beneficial for ruminal digestion (i.e. 5%). Jurema Preta presented the highest values (30.98% TT and 22% astringency at full growth stage), and Mororó the lowest (10.38% TT and 14% astringency during fructification). Jurema Preta presented a mean relationship prodelfinidin (PD): procyanidin (PC) of 97:3, which did not vary during the phenological cycle, showing the high astringent capacity of these tannins. Sabiá presented a relationship of 90:20 during full growth and flowering stages, decreasing to 40:50 at fructification. In Mororó the PD:PC relationship was more equilibrated, around 40:50 during full growth and flowering stages, decreasing to 35:60 During fructification. Propelargonidin was not detected or was present at low concentration in the three species

SUPPLEMENTATION OF FRUCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES (FOS) ON FAECAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADULT DOGS

The faecal characteristics of dogs fed three FOS dietary inclusion levels o (0.000, 0.047, or 0.095%) were evaluated. Fifteen adult dogs were used. A completely randomized experimental design, with five days of faeces collection and five dogs per experimental diet was applied, yielding a total of 25 observations per treatment. Diets were offered to the dogs for a 25-day adaptation period, followed by five days of total faeces collection. Means were compared by Tukey-Kramer’s test. The faeces of dogs fed the diet with no FOS presented lower dry matter content and lower faecal score than dogs fed 0.047 or 0.095% FOS, which presented similar faecal characteristics. Faecal pH of dogs supplemented 0.095% FOS was lower than dogs fed 0.047 or 0.000% FOS. Faecal ammonia concentration and faecal output were similar among treatments. The supplementation of 0.095% FOS positively influenced dog faecal quality. Foram avaliadas as características das fezes de cães alimentados com três níveis de inclusão de FOS (0.000; 0.047 e 0.095%) na dieta. Foram utilizados 15 cães adultos da raça Beagle. O experimento seguiu um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco dias de colheita de dados e cinco cães recebendo cada tratamento, totalizando 25 observações por tratamento. As dietas foram oferecidas para os cães por um período de adaptação de 25 dias seguidos de cinco dias de colheita total de fezes. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey.  Os cães alimentados com a dieta sem inclusão de FOS apresentaram fezes com menor teor de matéria seca e menor escore em relação aos animais que receberam 0.047 ou 0.095% de FOS na ração, os quais não diferiram entre si. O pH fecal de cães suplementados com 0.095% de FOS foi menor do que o dos cães que receberam 0.047 ou 0.000% de FOS. O teor de amônia faecal e a quantidade de fezes excretadas não diferiram entre os tratamentos. A suplementação com 0.095% de FOS na dieta melhora a qualidade das fezes dos cães

Ruminal methane emission by dairy cattle in Southeast Brazil

Ruminal gases, particularly methane, generated during the fermentative process in rumen, represent a partial loss of feed energy and are also pointed to as an important factors in greenhouse effect. This study aimed at quantifying methane (CH4) emission rates from lactating and dry cows and heifers, 24 month-old in average, on pasture under Southeast Brazil tropical conditions, using the tracer gas technique, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), four animals per category, distributed in four blocks. Measurements were performed in February and June, 2002, with Holstein and Brazilian Dairy Crossbred (Holstein ¾ x Gir (Zebu) ¼), maintained on fertilized Tanzania-grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania) and fertilized Brachiaria-grass (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk) pastures. Heifers of both breeds were maintained on unfertilized Brachiaria-grass to simulate conditions of extensive cattle farming systems. CH4 and SF6 levels were measured with gas chromatography. Differences in CH4 emissions were measured (p < 0.05) for genetical groups. Holstein produced more methane (299.3 g day-1) than the Crossbred (264.2 g day-1). Lactating cows produced more methane (353.8 g day-1) than dry cows (268.8 g day-1) and heifers (222.6 g day-1). Holstein, with greater milk production potential, produced less CH4 (p < 0.05) per unit of dry matter intake (19.1 g kg-1) than the Crossbred (22.0 g kg-1). Methane emission by heifers grazing fertilized pasture (intensive system) was 222.6 g day-1, greater (p < 0.05) than that of heifers on unfertilized pasture (179.2 g day-1). Methane emission varied as function of animal category and management intensity of production system.Gases gerados durante o processo de fermantação ruminal, metano em particular, representam não só uma perda parcial de energia da alimentação como também são apontados como importantes fatores do efeito-estufa. Quantificaram-se as taxas de emissão de metano (CH4) ruminal por vacas em lactação, vacas secas e novilhas com idade média de 24 meses, em pastejo sob condições tropicais do sudeste brasileiro, utilizando a técnica do gás traçador hexafluoreto de enxôfre (SF6). Foram utilizados quatro animais para cada categoria, distribuídos em quatro blocos. As medições foram realizadas em fevereiro e junho de 2002, com animais da raça Holandesa e Mestiça Leiteira Holandês ¾ x Gir ¼ - Mestiças, mantidos em pastagem de capim-Tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania) e capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk) adubadas, e também novilhas de ambas as raças em pastagens de capim-brachiaria sem adubação, simulando as condições de produção extensiva. As concentrações de CH4 e SF6 foram determinadas por cromatografia gasosa. Foram encontradas diferenças na emissão de metano (p < 0,05) entre os grupos genéticos. Animais da raça holandesa produziram mais metano (299,3 g dia-1) que as mestiças (264,2 g dia-1). Vacas secas e novilhas produzem menos metano (g dia-1) que vacas em lactação. A média de emissão de metano (g dia-1) pelas vacas secas e novilhas foi de 268,8 e 222,6 g respectivamente e as vacas em lactação 353,8 g. Os animais da raça holandesa, com maior potencial de produção de leite, perderam menos CH4 (p < 0,05) por unidade de matéria seca ingerida (19,1 g kg-1) que as mestiças (22,0 g kg-1). A produção de metano pelas novilhas mantidas em pastagens adubadas (sistema intensivo) foi de 222,6 g dia-1, maior (p < 0,05) que os animais desta categoria em pastagens não adubadas (179,2 g dia-1). A produção de metano variou em função da categoria de animal e pelo sistema de produção imposto aos animais

Fatores que regulam o consumo e a preferência alimentar em cães

Food intake is ruled by intrinsic and extrinsic factors to the animal, with complex interaction between them. Although dogs are able to ingest the required amount to satisfy their daily energy demand, when offered a highly palatable food, the regulation capacity is affected due to this interaction. The most widely accepted theories related to the regulation of food intake in dogs are the chemical theory (level of energy and nutrients in the body) and physical theory (gastric distension), which act as the food eaten. It is extremely important to be aware of such factors to ensure the adequate food intake by the animals, preserving and maintaining health. Testing of food intake and preference are commonly performed in experiments with dogs trying to evaluate the factors that affect the food preference of the animals, in particular as regards the addition of flavors. However, tests of food intake and preferences have no scientific basis. Thus, due to the lack of information and adoption of questionable procedures, it is necessary to standardize them. Therefore, this review aims to address the factors that regulate food intake and preference, as well as the importance of knowing them to ensure healthy nutrition for dogs.A ingest&atilde;o de alimentos obedece a fatores intr&iacute;nsecos e extr&iacute;nsecos ao animal, apresentando ainda complexa intera&ccedil;&atilde;o entre estes. Apesar de c&atilde;es serem capazes de ingerir a quantidade necess&aacute;ria para satisfazer sua demanda energ&eacute;tica di&aacute;ria, quando ofertado um alimento altamente palat&aacute;vel, a capacidade de regula&ccedil;&atilde;o &eacute; afetada, devido a tal intera&ccedil;&atilde;o. As teorias mais aceitas relacionadas &agrave; regula&ccedil;&atilde;o do consumo em c&atilde;es s&atilde;o a teoria qu&iacute;mica (n&iacute;vel de energia e nutrientes no organismo) e a teoria f&iacute;sica (distens&atilde;o g&aacute;strica), que atuam conforme o alimento ingerido. &Eacute; de suma import&acirc;ncia que se tenha conhecimento de tais fatores para, ent&atilde;o, garantir que os animais ingiram adequada quantidade de alimento, preservando e mantendo a sa&uacute;de. Ensaios de consumo e prefer&ecirc;ncia alimentar s&atilde;o comumente realizados em experimenta&ccedil;&atilde;o com c&atilde;es, procurando avaliar fatores que afetam a prefer&ecirc;ncia dos animais, em especial no que se refere a adi&ccedil;&atilde;o de palatabilizantes. Entretanto, ensaios de consumo e prefer&ecirc;ncia alimentar n&atilde;o possuem embasamento cient&iacute;fico. Assim, devido &agrave; car&ecirc;ncia de informa&ccedil;&otilde;es e ado&ccedil;&atilde;o de procedimentos question&aacute;veis, faz-se necess&aacute;ria a padroniza&ccedil;&atilde;o dos mesmos. Portanto, a presente revis&atilde;o tem por objetivo abordar os fatores que regulam o consumo e a prefer&ecirc;ncia alimentar, assim como a import&acirc;ncia de conhec&ecirc;-los, a fim de garantir nutri&ccedil;&atilde;o saud&aacute;vel aos c&atilde;es

SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF LEPTOSPIRA SPP. IN THE LAMI TUCO-TUCO RODENTS (CTENOMYS LAMI)

Although rodents are reportedly the major reservoirs of Leptospira spp. in the wildlife of Brazil, the role of the widely distributed native tuco-tuco rodent (Ctenomys lami) has yet to be determined. Accordingly, a total of 40 serum and eight urine samples from wild C. lami were collected from June to September 2008 in the city of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. The serum samples were screened using the Microscopic Agglutination Test against 13 Leptospira spp. pathogenic serovars. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the presence of leptospiral DNA in the urine samples. Five (12.5%) of the serum samples had >100 antibody titer levels against one or more of the serovars. None of the urine samples yielded a positive PCR amplification; however, all of the source animals were also negative. In conclusion, although C. lami may be exposed to Leptospira spp., infection may be occasional because no detectable leptospiruria was found

EXOGENOUS ENZYMES AND PELLETING INCREASE DIET DIGESTIBILITY OF PIGLETS

In view of the need to increase food production to meet growing world demand, technologies must be developed to improve the performance of animals for human consumption. In this sense, studies with enzymes inclusion and feed processing have been done in order to improve food efficiency and, consequently, the animal production result. In order to verify the digestibility of complex commercial diets in the pre-initial stage of piglets submitted to the inclusion of an enzymes mixture and or pelletizing, were used 24 castrated male pigs with average age of 35 days and mean weight of 8 kg. The animals were individually housed in metabolism cages and submitted to four treatments: mash diet, mash diet with enzymes, pelleted diet and pelleted diet with addition of the enzyme mixture. After adaptation of the piglets to the diets for seven days, feces were collected for five days for the digestibility trials. The collection method was total collection of feces. There was interaction for digestible energy, crude protein, dry matter and ether extract (P>0.05). Pelleting and inclusion of the enzymatic complex allowed an increase in the coefficient of digestibility in all evaluated parameters (P<0.05). Therefore, the enzyme mixture tested and the pelleting can be used as artifice to increase the digestibility of commercial diets for piglets in the pre-initial phase

Physical-chemical characteristics of soy-protein derived in extruded diets for dogs

A soja é um grão rico em proteínas e lipídeos, a partir do qual se obtém diversos derivados proteicos de alto valor nutricional. Em virtude disso, realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de analisar a composição bromatológica de derivados proteicos de soja, bem como as características físico-químicas dos extrusados formados a partir destes. Foram formuladas seis dietas para cães, uma referência e cinco contendo 30% de derivados de soja (farinha desengordurada - FDS, micronizada, farelo, grão integral e grão tostado), as quais foram extrusadas. Os derivados de soja e as dietas foram submetidos a análises bromatológicas e de qualidade do processamento. A FDS e o farelo de soja apresentaram os maiores teores de proteína bruta, enquanto os grãos de soja integral e tostado e a soja micronizada apresentaram os maiores teores de extrato etéreo em hidrólise ácida e energia bruta. A soja grão integral apresentou a maior atividade ureásica e inibitória de tripsina, mesmo após a extrusão da dieta. Os extrusados contendo as sojas grão e micronizada apresentaram as maiores densidades e as menores durezas, índice de absorção de água e grau de gelatinização do amido. Derivados proteicos de soja apresentam alto valor nutricional, entretanto, devem ser termicamente processados antes da extrusão para completa inativação do inibidor de tripsina. Além do mais, derivados contendo alto teor de lipídeos, como soja grão e micronizada, quando adicionados em 30% da fórmula, comprometem a qualidade do extrusado.Soy is a grain rich in protein and lipids, from which its obtained different protein products of high nutritional value. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of different soy-protein products, as well as the characteristics of the extruded produced. Six diets were formulated, a reference and five with 30% soy product (defatted soy flour - DSF, micronized, soybean meal, crude grain or toasted grain), which were extruded. Soy products and diets were submitted to chemical analyses and process quality. The DSF and soybean meal presented the highest crude protein content, while the toasted and crude soybeans and micronized soy presented the highest acid hydrolyses ether extract and crude energy content. The crude soybean presented the highest ureatic activity and trypsin inhibitor activity, even after the diet extrusion. The soy beans and micronized soy extruded presented the highest density and the lowest hardness, water absorption index and starch gelatinization degree. Soy-protein products present high nutritional value, however they should be heated before extrusion to complete inhibition of trypsin inhibitor. Besides, soy products with high fat content, such as soybean and micronized soybean, when added to 30% reduced the extruded quality

The gamification as a tool for developing competencies: A proposal of application for analysis and prevention of failures based on 8D methodology / A gamificação como instrumento para o desenvolvimento de competências: Uma proposta de aplicação para análise e prevenção de falhas com base na metodologia 8D

This article proposes developing an analysis and failure prevention system that uses gamification as a strategy for employee engagement. This approach allows the users involvement with some aspects, such as the game’s narrative, continuous reflection, and competition, which is directly linked with the recognition in the industrial organization, that occurs in awards, materials, or not. Beyond that, work contributes to personal motivation regarding fulfilling the goals pre-established by the company’s sectors. Therefore, a study was carried out through bibliographical research that allowed the formation of the system and its instructional methods for employees. The design was developed on the Canvas platform and simulates the gamification system through interactive illustrations, using features to hold the employee’s attention, such as pastel colors, simple language, and an assistant robot character. Moreover, as an example, the process presented a methodology called TOPS 8D (Team Oriented Problem Solution/8 Disciplines), showing how the evaluation can be elaborated. Finally, the developed model allows a more effective interaction of employees with their leaders and with the tools used in the industry, contributing to improving the level of training, adding value and giving it a qualitative scope, and avoiding wasted time with inadequate training

Adaptation of Lean Thinking and Culture for teams with characteristics of the “Z” generation: A case study in a high-scale automotive industry of Manus Industrial Pole / Adaptação do Pensamento Lean e da Cultura para equipas com características da geração "Z": Um estudo de caso numa indústria automóvel de alta escala do Pólo Industrial de Manus

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) standardizes project management and production of the current automobile industries. This model considers the usual behavioral characteristics of previous generations for directing resources, establishing deadlines, and accomplishing goals for team members. Nowadays, the advent of the "Z" generation in universities and its introduction into the labor market has brought difficulties in adapting its characteristics to the industrial market and lean production, causing conflicts in the work environment, loss of motivation, and reduction in inefficiency. Industrial activities, according to lean culture, ought to be executed with sufficient dialogue. Although technological, working in industrial activities is not as fun as working in gaming development companies or Internet technology, causing talent evasion and a shortage of labor in the mass production automotive industry. This article will highlight some of the main difficulties of adaptation of the "Z" generation into the automobile production industry on a large scale and present proposals on how to eliminate these difficulties in order to maintain high team performance, taking full advantage of the positive characteristics