Uso del Tiempo en el Aula. Instituciones Educativas de nivel Secundaria 2013

El estudio arroja como resultados que en las aulas de quinto año de secundaria, a nivel nacional, las IIEE dedican aproximadamente el 70.6% del tiempo a actividades académicas. Mientras que el tiempo dedicado a actividades no académicas resultó ser de 29%. De este porcentaje, el 19.4% de las actividades estuvo destinada a la administración de la clase y de disciplina; y el 9.6% fue tiempo en el que el docente no se encontraba involucrado con la clase (por ejemplo, casos en los que el docente se encontraba fuera del aula)

Dor no idoso: satisfação com o tratamento

Conscientes de que a dor é um flagelo a nível mundial, um fenómeno complexo e multifactorial presente na vida de qualquer ser humano, numa determinada fase da vida, e porque efectivamente nos preocupa o sofrimento dos idosos, a forma como eles vivenciam a dor, as repercussões que esta acarreta para as suas vidas, bem como se os tratamentos e as estratégias implementadas são eficazes, decidimos desenvolver este trabalho, cujo objectivo principal é o de “Identificar o grau de satisfação dos Idosos face ao tratamento da dor”. Sabe-se que a satisfação é hoje um indicador de qualidade dos cuidados de saúde, que permite responder às expectativas dos idosos e também identificar estratégias e implementar acções de melhoria, que visem obter ganhos em saúde. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de natureza quantitativa (questionário sociodemográfico e a Escala de Satisfação com o Tratamento da Dor), seguindo uma via decritivo-correlacional. Utilizou-se uma amostra não probabilística por conveniência, constituída por 89 idosos do Concelho da Covilhã. A amostra estudada apresenta uma média de idades de 77 anos, casados, reformados, a residir no meio rural e detendo baixos níveis de instrução, apresentam na sua maioria dor crónica de origem músculo esquelética, de duração superior a 1 ano com predomínio na região dorso lombar. Grande parte da nossa amostra refere estar satisfeita com o tratamento para a sua dor, contudo as análises exploratórias revelaram que as variáveis como a idade, local de residência, rendimento mensal e religião têm um impacto na satisfação do tratamento com a dor. Palavras Chave: dor, idoso, satisfação com o tratamento da dor.ABSTRACT Conscious that pain is a worldwide scourge, a complex and multidimensional phenomena, present in a certain phase of life of any human being and deeply worried with older adults suffering, the way as they feel pain, its impact on their lives, as well as with efficacy of the treatment and of the implemented strategies, we decided to develop this work, which main purpose is “Evaluating the Older Adults satisfaction degree regarding pain treatment”. Today, it’s known that older adults satisfaction is an indicator of health care quality, allowing answering to their expectations as well as planning strategies and implementing actions to improve health of an increasing number of people in this stage of life. Therefore, the question is: in which way social, demographic and clinical conditions of the older adults are related with their pain treatment satisfaction. It is a transversal and quantitative (questionnaire social demographic and the Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale) study in a descriptive and correlative way. We used a non probabilistic sample of 89 older adults, living in Covilhã Municipality. The studied sample states an average of 77 years old, married and retired old people, living in rural area, having low level of instruction, most of them suffering from musculoskeletal chronic pain, especially low back pain, lasting for more than one year. Most of them report satisfaction with their pain treatment; however deeper analyses showed that conditions such as age, place of living, monthly income and religion affect treatment pain satisfaction. This knowledge about old adults pain treatment satisfaction is relevant to the health care professionals in order to provide a greater autonomy and independence to those individuals, and consequently improving their quality of life. Keywords: pain, old adults, pain treatment satisfaction

Exploring Utility-based Optimization and Management for Wireless Sensor Networks and Machine-to-Machine Communications

The control of molecular architecture provided by the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) method allows one to obtain enhanced luminescence properties in polymer films, which can be exploited in polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs). In this study, we show that incorporating a liquid crystal (LC) (PCH302/304) into poly-(2-methoxy-5-hexyloxy-p-phenylene-vinylene) (OC1OC6-PPV) in LB films leads to a 4-fold increase in photoluminescence and 2-fold increase in electroluminescence for (ITO/OC1OC6-PPV(LC5%)/Al) devices for emission at 585 nm, with the current vs. voltage (I vs. V) characteristics exhibiting a typical behavior of rectifying diode. The enhanced luminescence was attributed to an efficient separation of emitting OC1OC6-PPV units induced by the LC in the LB film, which were less ordered than LB films from neat OC1OC6-PPV.FAPESPCNPqMMP/MC

Structural and Electric-Optical Properties of Zinc Phthalocyanine Evaporated Thin Films: Temperature and Thickness Effects

It is known that the molecular architecture plays a fundamental role in the electrical and optical properties of materials processed in the form of thin films. Here, zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) thin films were fabricated through the vacuum thermal evaporation technique (PVD, physical vapor deposition) up to 50 nm thickness with the objective of determining their molecular architecture and some electrical and optical properties. Structurally, the results showed a uniform growth of the films depending on how the evaporation is performed (step-by-step or straightforward). The uniform films present a molecular organization dominated by the ZnPc macrocycle ring forming almost 90 degrees in relation to the substrate surface. These films are crystalline (alpha-form) and possess molecular aggregates in the form of dimers (or higher order of aggregates) and monomers. Such aggregates are seen at the nanometer scale; however, at the micrometer scale, the films are morphologically homogeneous. In relation to the optical properties, it was observed that these films, besides absorbing in the ultraviolet-visible region, present a photoluminescence when irradiated with the 785 nm laser line. In terms of electrical properties, it was determined an electrical conductivity of ca. 10(-10) S/m and a significant photoconducting activity. Finally, a dependence of the molecular organization, crystallinity, and optical properties on the film annealing (and thickness) was investigated, and the sensitivity of the ZnPc PVD films against gasoline vapor was tested as proof-of-principle.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Detection of phenolic compounds using impedance spectroscopy measurements

Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and layer-by-layer films (LbL) of a PPV (p-phenylenevinylene) derivative, an azo compound and tetrasulfonated phthalocyanines were successfully employed as transducers in an "electronic tongue" system for detecting trace levels of phenolic compounds in water. The choice of the materials was based on their distinct electrical natures, which enabled the array to establish a fingerprint of very similar liquids. Impedance spectroscopy measurements were taken in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 1 MHz, with the data analysed with principal component analysis (PCA). The sensing units were obtained from five-layer LB films of (poly[(2-methoxy-5-n-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene]), OC(1)OC(18)-PPV (poly(2-methoxy,5-(n-octadecyl)-p-phenylenevinylene)), DR (HEMA-co-DR13MA (poly-(hydroxyethylmethacrylate-co-[4'-[[2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl]ethylamino]-2-chloro-4-nitroazobenzene]))) and five-bilayer LbL films of tetrasulfonated metallic phthalocyanines deposited onto gold interdigitated electrodes. The sensors were immersed into phenol, 2-chloro-4-methoxyphenol, 2-chlorophenol and 3-chlorophenol (isomers) solutions at 1 x 10(-9) mol L(-1), with control experiments carried out in ultra pure water. Samples could be distinguished if the principal component analysis (PCA) plots were made with capacitance values taken at 10(3) Hz, which is promising for detection of trace amounts of phenolic pollutants in natural water.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Photo-oxidation of polyphenylenevinylene chains in Langmuir-Blodgett and cast films

Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) derivatives are well known for their applications in polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs). These derivatives are highly susceptible to photooxidation though, which is mainly caused by the scission of the vinyl double bond on the polymer backbone. In this work, we show that Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films are less degraded than cast films of a PPV derivative (OC1OC6-PPV). Both films had similar thickness (∼50 nm) to allow for a more realistic comparison. Photodegradation experiments were carried out by illuminating the films with white light from a halogen lamp (50W, 12 V), placed at a fixed dstance from the sample. The decay was monitored by UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopies. The results showed that cast films are completely degraded in ca. 300 min, while LB took longer times, ca. 1000 min, i.e. 3 times the values for the cast films. The degradation process occurs in at least two stages, the rates of which were calculated assuming that the reaction follows a first order kinetics. The characteristic times for the first stage were 3.6×10-2 and 1.3×10-3 min-1 for cast and LB films, respectively. For the second stage the characteristic times were 5.6×10-2 and 5.0×10 -3 min-1. The differences can be attributed to the more compact morphology in the LB than in the cast films. With a compact morphology the diffusion of oxygen in the LB film is hampered and this causes a delay in the degradation process

The influence of preparation method of OC1OC6-PPV films on the photo-oxidation process

Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) derivatives are well known for their applications in polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs). PPV derivatives are highly susceptible to photo-oxidation though, which is mainly caused by the scission of the vinyl double bond on the polymer backbone. In this work, we show that Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films are less degraded than cast films of a PPV derivative (OC1OC6-PPV). Both films had similar thickness (similar to 50 nm) to allow for a more realistic comparison. Degradation was monitored with UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopies. The results indicated that cast films were completely degraded in ca. 400 min, while LB took longer time, i.e. about four times the values for the cast films. The differences can be attributed to the more compact morphology in the LB than in the cast films. With a compact morphology the diffusion of oxygen in the LB film is hampered and this causes a delay in the degradation process. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Polymer light emitting devices with Langmuir Blodgett (LB) films of a polyfluorene derivative

Polyfluorenes are promising materials for the emitting layer of polymer light emitting devices (PLEDs) with blue emission. In this work, we report on PLEDs fabricated with Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of a polyfluorene derivative, namely poly(9,9-di-hexylfluorenediyl vinylene-alt-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (PDHF-PV). Y-type LB films were transferred onto ITO substrates at a surface pressure of 35 mN m-1 and with dipping speed of 3 mm min -1. A thin aluminum layer was evaporated on top of the LB film, thus yielding a sandwich structure (ITO/PDHF-PV(LB)/Al). Current-voltage (I vs V) measurements indicate that the device displays a classical behavior of a rectifying diode. The threshold value is approximately 5 V, and the onset for visible light emission occurs at ca. 10 V. From the a.c. electrical responses we infer that the active layer has a typical behavior of PLEDs where the real component of ac conductivity obeys a power-law with the frequency. Cole-Cole plots (Im(Z) vs. Re(Z)) for the device exhibit a series of semicircles, the diameter of which decreases with increasing forward bias. This PLED structure is modeled by a parallel resistance and capacitance combination, representing the dominant mechanisms of charge transport and polarization in the organic layer, in series with a resistance representing the ITO contact. Overall, the results presented here demonstrate the feasibility of LEDs made with LB films of PDHF-PV