Research into cancer metabolomics: towards a clinical metamorphosis

The acknowledgement that metabolic reprogramming is a central feature of cancer has generated high expectations for major advances in both diagnosis and treatment of malignancies through addressing metabolism. These have so far only been partially fulfilled, with only a few clinical applications. However, numerous diagnostic and therapeutic compounds are currently being evaluated in either clinical trials or pre-clinical models and new discoveries of alterations in metabolic genes indicate future prognostic or other applicable relevance. Altogether, these metabolic approaches now stand alongside other available measures providing hopes for the prospects of metabolomics in the clinic. Here we present a comprehensive overview of both ongoing and emerging clinical, pre-clinical and technical strategies for exploiting unique tumour metabolic traits, highlighting the current promises and anticipations of research in the field

Metabolic adaptation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia to the central nervous system microenvironment depends on Stearoyl CoA desaturase

Metabolic reprogramming is a key hallmark of cancer, but less is known about metabolic plasticity of the same tumor at different sites. Here, we investigated the metabolic adaptation of leukemia in two different microenvironments, the bone marrow and the central nervous system (CNS). We identified a metabolic signature of fatty acid synthesis in CNS leukemia, highlighting stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) as a key player. In vivo SCD overexpression increases CNS disease, whereas genetic or pharmacological inhibition of SCD decreases CNS load. Overall, we demonstrated that leukemic cells dynamically rewire metabolic pathways to suit local conditions and that targeting these adaptations can be exploited therapeutically

Study of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma metabolic rewiring

L'adénocarcinome canalaire pancréatique (ADKp) possède une architecture compacte, où les cellules tumorales forment des glandes emprisonnées dans un bouclier fibrotique, composé à 50% de collagènes. Ce bouclier empêche la vascularisation, limite l'apport en nutriments et oxygène. Beaucoup de cellules meurent, mais certaines survivent, en reprogrammant en particulier leur métabolisme. Ula plus étudiée est l'utilisation constitutive de la glycolyse, indépendamment de la présence d'oxygène (Effet Warburg). Nous montrons que la population hypoxique de l'ADKp dépend aussi de la dégradation de la glutamine, et que l'activité concomitante de la glycolyse et de la glutaminolyse entraîne la réactivation de la biosynthèse des hexosamines. Ces composés participent à la prolifération tumorale en stabilisant les transporteurs au glucose, ou des oncogènes. L'activité glycolytique intense des cellules hypoxiques permet la synthèse de lactate qui sert de ressource nutritive aux cellules oxygénées adjacentes aux cellules hypoxiques. Nous montrons que certaines cellules oxygénées sont capables de survivre au stress nutritif en dégradant le collagène (écophagie), en utilisant la proline qu'il contient. Les cellules tumorales captent et dégradent les fragments de collagènes pour survivre. Des traçages isotopiques de collagène marqué permettent d'appuyer que la proline internalisée provient du collagène matriciel. Cette proline est transformée en glutamate et fournit le cycle de Krebs pour favoriser la survie tumorale. Ces travaux montrent l'importance de l'étude de la reprogrammation métabolique dans l'ADKp, et le rôle de l'hypoxie ou du collagène dans la progression tumorale.Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a compact architecture wherein the tumor cells are organized in glands and trapped in a fibrotic shield (stroma) made of up to 50% of collagen. This shield prevents blood supply, limits nutrients and oxygen intake. Many cells die, but some survive, and proliferate particularly by reprogramming their metabolism. The most studied metabolic reprogramming remains tumor cells addiction to glucose and the constitutive use of glycolysis, regardless of the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect). We show that the hypoxic population of PDAC also depends on glutamine degradation, and the concomitant activity of both glycolysis and glutaminolysis reactivates the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. These compounds contribute to tumor proliferation by stabilizing glucose transporters, or oncogenes. The intense glycolytic activity of hypoxic cells allows the synthesis of lactate. Excreted in the microenvironment, it serves as a nutritive resource to oxygenic cells adjacent to the hypoxic population and enables their proliferation. We show that some oxygenated cells are also able to survive under nutrient stress by degrading collagen (ecophagy) and use proline it contains. Tumor cells intake and degrade collagen fragments to survive. Isotopic tracer experiments using labeled collagen support the idea that proline comes from the extracellular collagen. This proline is degraded and converted into glutamate, fueling the Krebs cycle for anaplerosis and promotes tumor survival. These studies therefore show the importance to study the metabolic reprogramming of PDAC, and the role of hypoxia or collagen matrix in tumor progression

Study of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma metabolic rewiring

L'adénocarcinome canalaire pancréatique (ADKp) possède une architecture compacte, où les cellules tumorales forment des glandes emprisonnées dans un bouclier fibrotique, composé à 50% de collagènes. Ce bouclier empêche la vascularisation, limite l'apport en nutriments et oxygène. Beaucoup de cellules meurent, mais certaines survivent, en reprogrammant en particulier leur métabolisme. Ula plus étudiée est l'utilisation constitutive de la glycolyse, indépendamment de la présence d'oxygène (Effet Warburg). Nous montrons que la population hypoxique de l'ADKp dépend aussi de la dégradation de la glutamine, et que l'activité concomitante de la glycolyse et de la glutaminolyse entraîne la réactivation de la biosynthèse des hexosamines. Ces composés participent à la prolifération tumorale en stabilisant les transporteurs au glucose, ou des oncogènes. L'activité glycolytique intense des cellules hypoxiques permet la synthèse de lactate qui sert de ressource nutritive aux cellules oxygénées adjacentes aux cellules hypoxiques. Nous montrons que certaines cellules oxygénées sont capables de survivre au stress nutritif en dégradant le collagène (écophagie), en utilisant la proline qu'il contient. Les cellules tumorales captent et dégradent les fragments de collagènes pour survivre. Des traçages isotopiques de collagène marqué permettent d'appuyer que la proline internalisée provient du collagène matriciel. Cette proline est transformée en glutamate et fournit le cycle de Krebs pour favoriser la survie tumorale. Ces travaux montrent l'importance de l'étude de la reprogrammation métabolique dans l'ADKp, et le rôle de l'hypoxie ou du collagène dans la progression tumorale.Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a compact architecture wherein the tumor cells are organized in glands and trapped in a fibrotic shield (stroma) made of up to 50% of collagen. This shield prevents blood supply, limits nutrients and oxygen intake. Many cells die, but some survive, and proliferate particularly by reprogramming their metabolism. The most studied metabolic reprogramming remains tumor cells addiction to glucose and the constitutive use of glycolysis, regardless of the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect). We show that the hypoxic population of PDAC also depends on glutamine degradation, and the concomitant activity of both glycolysis and glutaminolysis reactivates the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. These compounds contribute to tumor proliferation by stabilizing glucose transporters, or oncogenes. The intense glycolytic activity of hypoxic cells allows the synthesis of lactate. Excreted in the microenvironment, it serves as a nutritive resource to oxygenic cells adjacent to the hypoxic population and enables their proliferation. We show that some oxygenated cells are also able to survive under nutrient stress by degrading collagen (ecophagy) and use proline it contains. Tumor cells intake and degrade collagen fragments to survive. Isotopic tracer experiments using labeled collagen support the idea that proline comes from the extracellular collagen. This proline is degraded and converted into glutamate, fueling the Krebs cycle for anaplerosis and promotes tumor survival. These studies therefore show the importance to study the metabolic reprogramming of PDAC, and the role of hypoxia or collagen matrix in tumor progression

Association of CNS Involvement in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia with Cholesterol Biosynthesis Upregulation

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the most common childhood cancer. Despite advances in treatment, meningeal-infiltrating CNS disease (found in up to 90% of children if untreated) remains a challenge. Every child with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia receives intensive and toxic treatment targeting CNS disease, yet CNS involvement at relapse is common. We tested our hypothesis that leukaemic cells must adapt metabolically to survive in the nutritionally poor CNS microenvironment. Methods: Human acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cell lines (SEM and REH) were xenografted into immunodeficient (NSG) mice. Leukaemic cells purified from the CNS and spleen underwent RNA-sequencing (NextSeq 500, Illumina, SanDiego, CA, USA). Clinical validity of findings was explored in publicly available microarray datasets (GSE11877/TARGET and GSE60926) with gene set enrichment and pathway analyses. The effect of simvastatin on SEM cells in vitro, and the development of CNS leukaemia in vivo, was investigated. Findings: RNA-sequencing analysis showed upregulation of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in CNS compared with that in systemic leukaemia. GSE60926 microarray data confirmed this finding in leukaemic cells from cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia at CNS relapse versus cells from bone marrow at diagnosis and relapse. Analysis of GSE11877/TARGET data showed that upregulation of two or more cholesterol synthesis genes (z-score ≥2) in the bone marrow blasts at diagnosis was associated with an increased rate of CNS relapse (10 [30·3%] of 33 patients with upregulation vs 15 [8·6%] of 174 patients without; log-rank [Mantel-Cox] p<0·0001). In-vitro study showed that disruption of cholesterol synthesis via hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibition with simvastatin decreased leukaemic cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Interestingly, oral simvastatin treatment increased CNS leukaemia in male though not female NSG mice (three per group, Student's t test p=0·0004). Interpretation: Our findings suggest that cholesterol metabolism could be important in CNS acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Cholesterol biosynthesis is upregulated in CNS leukaemia, and a cholesterol gene signature in diagnostic bone marrow predicts CNS relapse. Disruption of cholesterol synthesis is toxic in vitro but not effective in vivo. Therefore, reduced circulating cholesterol might induce a CNS-like phenotype in systemic acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells, increasing cholesterol synthesis and adaptation for the CNS niche

Strengthened glycolysis under hypoxia supports tumor symbiosis and hexosamine biosynthesis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

International audiencePancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most intractable and fatal cancer. The decreased blood vessel density displayed by this tumor not only favors its resistance to chemotherapy but also participates in its aggressiveness due to the consequent high degree of hypoxia. It is indeed clear that hypoxia promotes selective pressure on malignant cells that must develop adaptive metabolic responses to reach their energetic and biosynthetic demands. Here, using a well-defined mouse model of pancreatic cancer, we report that hypoxic areas from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma are mainly composed of epithelial cells harboring epithelial-mesenchymal transition features and expressing glycolytic markers, two characteristics associated with tumor aggressiveness. We also show that hypoxia increases the "glycolytic" switch of pancreatic cancer cells from oxydative phosphorylation to lactate production and we demonstrate that increased lactate efflux from hypoxic cancer cells favors the growth of normoxic cancer cells. In addition, we show that glutamine metabolization by hypoxic pancreatic tumor cells is necessary for their survival. Metabolized glucose and glutamine converge toward a common pathway, termed hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which allows O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modifications of proteins. Here, we report that hypoxia increases transcription of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway genes as well as levels of O-glycosylated proteins and that O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation of proteins is a process required for hypoxic pancreatic cancer cell survival. Our results demonstrate that hypoxia-driven metabolic adaptive processes, such as high glycolytic rate and hexosamine biosynthetic pathway activation, favor hypoxic and normoxic cancer cell survival and correlate with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma aggressiveness

Collagen-derived proline promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell survival under nutrient limited conditions

International audienceTissue architecture contributes to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) phenotypes. Cancer cells within PDAC form gland-like structures embedded in a collagen-rich meshwork where nutrients and oxygen are scarce. Altered metabolism is needed for tumour cells to survive in this environment, but the metabolic modifications that allow PDAC cells to endure these conditions are incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that collagen serves as a proline reservoir for PDAC cells to use as a nutrient source when other fuels are limited. We show PDAC cells are able to take up collagen fragments, which can promote PDAC cell survival under nutrient limited conditions, and that collagen-derived proline contributes to PDAC cell metabolism. Finally, we show that proline oxidase (PRODH1) is required for PDAC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our results indicate that PDAC extracellular matrix represents a nutrient reservoir for tumour cells highlighting the metabolic flexibility of this cancer