Substantivized Words Used as Addressing in English and Tatar Languages

The objective of the article is to analyze substantivized words used as addressing in different structured English and Tatar languages in a comparative aspect. The article presents the study of the most important research papers of the world-wide known and famous scholars in the field of Tatar linguistics. The research material was selected from bilingual and monolingual dictionaries of studying languages (Tatar and English). The results of the study are supported by the examples and it is given in the article. The materials of the study may be useful worldwide by educators and researchers involved in professional linguistic research and training. The specific features of the usage of the different forms in multi-structural English and Tatar languages mentioned in this article have an important value for successful cross-cultural communication. The misuse or misunderstanding of an addressing word can put dialogue partners in an awkward situation; even offend them if one keeps ignoring its important function.

Metodologia de desenvolvimento de competências de discurso escrito para estudantes de língua estrangeira do primeiro ano

The article focuses on the issues of methodology of first-year students’ foreign language written discourse competency development. The aim of this paper is to present the results of experimental work on the development of first-year students’ foreign language written discourse competency and to specify the achievements in its implementation into the educational process at the Faculty of Foreign Philology of the Kherson State University. The subject of our research project is the methodology of the development of students’ written discourse competency as the basis for their written communication in a foreign language. The achievement of this goal was carried out in the course of solving a number of tasks. Thus, the notion of written discourse competency in a foreign language is considered and its structure and components are clarified. The methodology of university students’ foreign language written discourse competency development is presented in the form of a model which includes 5 components: target, concept, content, procedure and outcome. The results obtained in the course of the experimental teaching are given.El artículo se centra en las cuestiones de la metodología del desarrollo de la competencia del discurso escrito en lenguas extranjeras de los estudiantes de primer año. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados de un trabajo experimental sobre el desarrollo de la competencia discursiva escrita en lenguas extranjeras de los estudiantes de primer año y especificar los logros en su implementación en el proceso educativo en la Facultad de Filología Extranjera de la Universidad Estatal de Kherson. . El tema de nuestro proyecto de investigación es la metodología del desarrollo de la competencia del discurso escrito de los estudiantes como base para su comunicación escrita en una lengua extranjera. El logro de este objetivo se llevó a cabo en el transcurso de la resolución de una serie de tareas. Así, se considera la noción de competencia del discurso escrito en una lengua extranjera y se aclara su estructura y componentes. La metodología del desarrollo de la competencia del discurso escrito en lengua extranjera de los estudiantes universitarios se presenta en forma de un modelo que incluye 5 componentes: objetivo, concepto, contenido, procedimiento y resultado. Se dan los resultados obtenidos en el curso de la docencia experimental.O artigo enfoca as questões de metodologia de desenvolvimento de competências de discurso escrito em língua estrangeira dos alunos do primeiro ano. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os resultados de um trabalho experimental sobre o desenvolvimento da competência do discurso escrito em língua estrangeira dos alunos do primeiro ano e especificar os resultados alcançados na sua implementação no processo educacional na Faculdade de Filologia Estrangeira da Kherson State University. O tema do nosso projeto de pesquisa é a metodologia de desenvolvimento da competência do discurso escrito dos alunos como base para a sua comunicação escrita em uma língua estrangeira. O cumprimento deste objetivo foi realizado durante a resolução de uma série de tarefas. Assim, a noção de competência do discurso escrito em língua estrangeira é considerada e sua estrutura e componentes são esclarecidos. A metodologia de desenvolvimento de competências de discurso escrito em língua estrangeira de estudantes universitários é apresentada na forma de um modelo que inclui 5 componentes: objetivo, conceito, conteúdo, procedimento e resultado. São apresentados os resultados obtidos no decorrer do ensino experimental

Desorpcija plazme pomoću masene spektrometrije kao brzi test za dijagnostiku leukemije goveda

Plasma-desorption mass spectrometry with ionization of 252Californium fission fragments (252Cf-PD MS) was used to develop an express diagnostic test for bovine leukaemia. The test is based on the mass spectrometric parameters of artificial lipid membranes formed on the gold substrate from the lipid fraction of blood cells (mainly lymphocytes), by the self-assembly technique according to the biomimetic principle. Mass spectrometric analysis of artificial lipid membranes obtained from blood plasma of control and leukemic cattle gave a reliable diagnosis of leukaemia. The basis for the diagnosis were the ionization parameters of the fragmentation of lipid molecules from normal and leukemic cell membranes. In leukemic cell membranes, separate dense areas (rafts) 200 – 300 nm in diameter, saturated with cholesterol and phospholipids, are formed. The number of rafts per unit of cell membrane of leukemic cells significantly exceeded the permitted parameters of normal cell membranes. The increased number of rafts in artificial membranes formed in the membranes of leukemic cells was reliably reflected in mass spectra, due to the 180 – 250% increase in intensity of peaks of cholesterol fragment ions in comparison to control cells.Korištenjem desorpcije plazme pomoću masene spektrometrije s ionizacijom fragmenata fizije 252kalifornijskih fragmenata fizije (252Cf-PD MS) razvijen je brzi test za dijagnostiku leukemije goveda. Istraživanje se temelji na masenim spektrometrijskim pokazateljima umjetnih lipidnih membrana formiranih na zlatnom supstratu iz lipidne frakcije krvnih stanica (uglavnom limfocita) samo-sastavnom tehnikom prema biomimetičkom principu. Masena spektrometrijska analiza lipidnih umjetnih membrana dobivenih iz krvne plazme kontrolne skupine i skupine goveda oboljelih od leukemije omogućava pouzdanu dijagnozu leukemije. Osnova za dijagnozu bili su pokazatelji ionizacije i fragmentacije lipidnih molekula iz normalnih staničnih membrana i leukemijskih stanica. U membranama leukemijskih stanica formiraju se zasebna gusta područja (tzv. splavi) promjera 200 - 300 nm, zasićena kolesterolom i fosfolipidima. Broj splavi po jedinici stanične membrane leukemijskih stanica znatno je veći od odgovarajućih pokazatelja membrane normalnih stanica. Povećani broj splavi u umjetnim membranama formiranim iz membrana stanica goveda oboljelih s leukemijom pouzdano se odražava u masenim spektrima u povećanju intenziteta vrhunaca iona fragmenata kolesterola za 180 - 250 % u usporedbi sa skupinom kontrolnih goveda

naklada - Zagreb, Croatia USE OF THE COMMUNICATION CHECKLIST - SELF REPORT (CC-SR) IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENTS CORRELATE WITH POOR PREMORBID SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT

Background: The present study reports preliminary results from the multicentre project on the approbation of the Russian language version of the “The Communication Checklist-Self Report” (RL-CC-SR) and its first use in schizophrenia (SZ), aiming to evaluate the contribution of language disturbances in the pathogenesis of this heterogeneous disorder. Subjects and methods: The study evaluated patients’ clinical state with the Diagnostic Interview for Psychoses (DIP), and assessed language and communication disturbances (LCD) with the RL-CC-SR in all participants (213 healthy controls (HC), 83 SZ patients, 31 SZ first-degree relatives). Data from the current sample of SZ (n=50), and HC (n=213) was analysed to calculate the relationships between LCD, social and clinical variables using descriptive statistics methods, T-test and Pearson’s correlations (SPSS-26, 2019). Results: The quotient scores (<6) and raw scores on all three CC-SR subscales demonstrated prominent LCD in SZ: (i) language structure (LS) (SZ:11.92±8.01, HC:7.54±5.91; <0.001), (ii) pragmatic skills (PS) (SZ:11.30±10.07, HC:8.71±7.39; =0.040), (iii) social engagement (SE) (SZ:31.94±11.76, HC:19.42±10.35; <0.001). In SZ, Pearson correlations of LS scores were significant for the DIP-items Odd Speech (p=0.033), and Social Engagement - Blunted Affect (p=0.042). PS was related to early disease onset (=0.027), poor premorbid work adjustment (p=0.003), along with LS (p=0.005), and was also linked to poor premorbid social adjustment (p=0.005). Conclusions: SZ patients are aware of their LCD at all levels of language structure, pragmatics, and nonverbal communication, but are unable to compensate. Disturbances of LS and PS in SZ patients relate to their poor social adjustment and functioning, and may prove to be associated with the primary negative symptoms domain of the disorder and its generally poor outcome

Staging of Schizophrenia with the Use of PANSS: An International Multi-Center Study

Introduction: A specific clinically relevant staging model for schizophrenia has not yet been developed. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the factor structure of the PANSS and develop such a staging method.Methods: Twenty-nine centers from 25 countries contributed 2358 patients aged 37.21 ± 11.87 years with schizophrenia. Analysis of covariance, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Discriminant Function Analysis, and inspection of resultant plots were performed.Results: Exploratory Factor Analysis returned 5 factors explaining 59% of the variance (positive, negative, excitement/hostility, depression/anxiety, and neurocognition). The staging model included 4 main stages with substages that were predominantly characterized by a single domain of symptoms (stage 1: positive; stages 2a and 2b: excitement/hostility; stage 3a and 3b: depression/anxiety; stage 4a and 4b: neurocognition). There were no differences between sexes. The Discriminant Function Analysis developed an algorithm that correctly classified >85% of patients.Discussion: This study elaborates a 5-factor solution and a clinical staging method for patients with schizophrenia. It is the largest study to address these issues among patients who are more likely to remain affiliated with mental health services for prolonged periods of time.<br /

Methodology of first-year students’ foreign language written discourse competency development

The article focuses on the issues of methodology of first-year students’ foreign language written discourse competency development. The aim of this paper is to present the results of experimental work on the development of first-year students’ foreign language written discourse competency and to specify the achievements in its implementation into the educational process at the Faculty of Foreign Philology of the Kherson State University. The subject of our research project is the methodology of the development of students’ written discourse competency as the basis for their written communication in a foreign language. The achievement of this goal was carried out in the course of solving a number of tasks. Thus, the notion of written discourse competency in a foreign language is considered and its structure and components are clarified. The methodology of university students’ foreign language written discourse competency development is presented in the form of a model which includes 5 components: target, concept, content, procedure and outcome. The results obtained in the course of the experimental teaching are given.O artigo enfoca as questões de metodologia de desenvolvimento de competências de discurso escrito em língua estrangeira dos alunos do primeiro ano. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os resultados de um trabalho experimental sobre o desenvolvimento da competência do discurso escrito em língua estrangeira dos alunos do primeiro ano e especificar os resultados alcançados na sua implementação no processo educacional na Faculdade de Filologia Estrangeira da Kherson State University. O tema do nosso projeto de pesquisa é a metodologia de desenvolvimento da competência do discurso escrito dos alunos como base para a sua comunicação escrita em uma língua estrangeira. O cumprimento deste objetivo foi realizado durante a resolução de uma série de tarefas. Assim, a noção de competência do discurso escrito em língua estrangeira é considerada e sua estrutura e componentes são esclarecidos. A metodologia de desenvolvimento de competências de discurso escrito em língua estrangeira de estudantes universitários é apresentada na forma de um modelo que inclui 5 componentes: objetivo, conceito, conteúdo, procedimento e resultado. São apresentados os resultados obtidos no decorrer do ensino experimental.El artículo se centra en las cuestiones de la metodología del desarrollo de la competencia del discurso escrito en lenguas extranjeras de los estudiantes de primer año. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados de un trabajo experimental sobre el desarrollo de la competencia discursiva escrita en lenguas extranjeras de los estudiantes de primer año y especificar los logros en su implementación en el proceso educativo en la Facultad de Filología Extranjera de la Universidad Estatal de Kherson. . El tema de nuestro proyecto de investigación es la metodología del desarrollo de la competencia del discurso escrito de los estudiantes como base para su comunicación escrita en una lengua extranjera. El logro de este objetivo se llevó a cabo en el transcurso de la resolución de una serie de tareas. Así, se considera la noción de competencia del discurso escrito en una lengua extranjera y se aclara su estructura y componentes. La metodología del desarrollo de la competencia del discurso escrito en lengua extranjera de los estudiantes universitarios se presenta en forma de un modelo que incluye 5 componentes: objetivo, concepto, contenido, procedimiento y resultado. Se dan los resultados obtenidos en el curso de la docencia experimental

PPARG stimulation restored lung mRNA expression of core clock, inflammation‐ and metabolism‐related genes disrupted by reversed feeding in male mice

Abstract The circadian rhythm system regulates lung function as well as local and systemic inflammations. The alteration of this rhythm might be induced by a change in the eating rhythm. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARG) is a key molecule involved in circadian rhythm regulation, lung functions, and metabolic processes. We described the effect of the PPARG agonist pioglitazone (PZ) on the diurnal mRNA expression profile of core circadian clock genes (Arntl, Clock, Nr1d1, Cry1, Cry2, Per1, and Per2) and metabolism‐ and inflammation‐related genes (Nfe2l2, Pparg, Rela, and Cxcl5) in the male murine lung disrupted by reversed feeding (RF). In mice, RF disrupted the diurnal expression pattern of core clock genes. It decreased Nfe2l2 and Pparg and increased Rela and Cxcl5 expression in lung tissue. There were elevated levels of IL‐6, TNF‐alpha, total cells, macrophages, and lymphocyte counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with a significant increase in vascular congestion and cellular infiltrates in male mouse lung tissue. Administration of PZ regained the diurnal clock gene expression, increased Nfe2l2 and Pparg expression, and reduced Rela, Cxcl5 expression and IL‐6, TNF‐alpha, and cellularity in BAL. PZ administration at 7 p.m. was more efficient than at 7 a.m

Modeling psychological function in patients with schizophrenia with the PANSS: an international multi-center study.

BACKGROUND.: The aim of the current study was to explore the changing interrelationships among clinical variables through the stages of schizophrenia in order to assemble a comprehensive and meaningful disease model. METHODS.: Twenty-nine centers from 25 countries participated and included 2358 patients aged 37.21 ± 11.87 years with schizophrenia. Multiple linear regression analysis and visual inspection of plots were performed. RESULTS.: The results suggest that with progression stages, there are changing correlations among Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale factors at each stage and each factor correlates with all the others in that particular stage, in which this factor is dominant. This internal structure further supports the validity of an already proposed four stages model, with positive symptoms dominating the first stage, excitement/hostility the second, depression the third, and neurocognitive decline the last stage. CONCLUSIONS.: The current study investigated the mental organization and functioning in patients with schizophrenia in relation to different stages of illness progression. It revealed two distinct "cores" of schizophrenia, the "Positive" and the "Negative," while neurocognitive decline escalates during the later stages. Future research should focus on the therapeutic implications of such a model. Stopping the progress of the illness could demand to stop the succession of stages. This could be achieved not only by both halting the triggering effect of positive and negative symptoms, but also by stopping the sensitization effect on the neural pathways responsible for the development of hostility, excitement, anxiety, and depression as well as the deleterious effect on neural networks responsible for neurocognition.status: Published onlin

Gender, age at onset, and duration of being ill as predictors for the long-term course and outcome of schizophrenia : an international multicenter study

Background The aim of the current study was to explore the effect of gender, age at onset, and duration on the long-term course of schizophrenia. Methods Twenty-nine centers from 25 countries representing all continents participated in the study that included 2358 patients aged 37.21 +/- 11.87 years with a DSM-IV or DSM-5 diagnosis of schizophrenia; the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale as well as relevant clinicodemographic data were gathered. Analysis of variance and analysis of covariance were used, and the methodology corrected for the presence of potentially confounding effects. Results There was a 3-year later age at onset for females (P &lt; .001) and lower rates of negative symptoms (P &lt; .01) and higher depression/anxiety measures (P &lt; .05) at some stages. The age at onset manifested a distribution with a single peak for both genders with a tendency of patients with younger onset having slower advancement through illness stages (P = .001). No significant effects were found concerning duration of illness. Discussion Our results confirmed a later onset and a possibly more benign course and outcome in females. Age at onset manifested a single peak in both genders, and surprisingly, earlier onset was related to a slower progression of the illness. No effect of duration has been detected. These results are partially in accord with the literature, but they also differ as a consequence of the different starting point of our methodology (a novel staging model), which in our opinion precluded the impact of confounding effects. Future research should focus on the therapeutic policy and implications of these results in more representative samples