19 research outputs found
Retranslation of humour as a positive intercultural communication strategy
Humorous discourse is a positive communication strategy, which contributes to the success of intercultural encounters. On the other hand, wrong interpretation of humorous culture-specific meanings can be a cause of communication failures. The present paper analyses five translations of I. Ilf and E. Petrov's books The Twelve Chairs and The Golden Calf from Russian into English. The study shows that the key factors which influence the construction of cultural meanings include: background knowledge, presuppositions, imagery, evaluation, emotional perception, cultural context, connection with precedent concepts and texts, and intertextuality. The treatment of cultural meanings also depends on the historical period when the translation is done and the political views of the translator
CHINESE NARRATIVE SONG: STRUCTURE, LANGUAGE AND HISTORICAL DYNAMICS
The purpose of this paper is to examine the cultural and linguistic features of Chinese narrative songs of the 20th - early 21st centuries. They are explored through the theoretical frameworks and research instruments of narratology, cultural anthropology and linguistics (M. Bakhtin, R. Barthes, G. Genette, V. Propp, T. Todorov, etc.). The paper highlights the most important changes of narrative songs determined by historical events in China during the period under investigation: a) dynamics of themes, plots and attitudes towards related events - from ideological praise of the Communist party and Chair-man Mao - to a more personalized narration about peopleβs life and love in a globalized world; b) evo-lution of characters from selfless fighters for communism with clearly defined social identity - to general-ized lyrical personalities motivated by love, suffering, kinship and loyalty to their country; c) growth of genre variability due to the relaxation of ideological pressure and the influence of Western musical culture; d) return to the values of ancient Chinese culture and restoration of traditional national identity, implemented in background knowledge, binary oppositions and intertextual connections; e) new forms of linguistic expression.The findings indicate that the algorithm of text analysis developed in the course of the research may be used to investigate other types of Chinese narratives, as well as narratives from other cultures
Metaphor power and language typology: Analysis of correlation on the material of the United Nations Declarations
The established approaches to language typology share the notion that the features used as a starting point for any classification are linguistic rather than discursive. This study aims to reveal the connection between typological characteristics of languages and linguacultural patterns of expressing metaphoric meaning in discourse. We seek to answer the question: is there a correlation between the way the human mind processes metaphors, and typological characteristics of languages in which those metaphors are verbalised? The research material includes the texts of the United Nations Millennium Declaration and A Universal Declaration on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free World in three languages β Russian, English and Chinese. The methodological framework is based on the quantitative analysis of indicators connected with language typology (synthesis, agglutination and isolation) and metaphor power in discourse. To determine the degree of text metaphorisation, we employed the Metaphor-driven discourse analysis (MDDA) based on the calculation of metaphor indices: Metaphor Density Index (MDI), Metaphor Intensity Index (MII), and Metaphor Functional Typology Index (MfTI). The study further juxtaposed the typology indices and metaphorisation indices to identify the correlation between the typology index values and metaphor power on the example of the UN Declarations in three languages. Research results indicate that isolating analytical languages tend to be more figurative than synthetic ones, which is reflected in higher metaphoric density, intensity of metaphor use and frequent employment of structural metaphors. The example of the Chinese language has demonstrated that its typological characteristics on the levels of graphics, word formation and syntactic structures act as prerequisites for metaphor use. The findings contribute to the understanding of the connection between fundamental frameworks of thinking, typological characteristics of languages and linguacultural patterns of expressing identical or similar meanings in discourse
Molecular Mechanism of Capacitative Calcium Entry Deficits in Familial Alzheimerβs Disease
Poster PresentationPresenilin (PS) is the catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase which is responsible for the cleavage of
amyloid precursor protein to form beta amyloid (AΞ²). Mutations in PS associated with familial
Alzheimerβs disease (FAD) increase the AΞ² plaques formation in the brain and cause neurodegeneration.
Apart from this, FAD-linked PS mutations have been demonstrated to disrupt intracellular calcium (Ca2+)
regulation. Accumulating evidence suggests that Ca2+ disruption may play a proximal role in the AD
pathogenesis. Mutant PS exaggerated Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It also attenuated
Ca2+ entry through the capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE) pathway, yet, the mechanism is not fully understood.
Using a human neuroblast cell line SH-SY5Y and Ca2+ imaging technique, we observed CCE deficits in
FAD-linked PS1-M146L retroviral infected cell. The attenuation of CCE in PS1 mutant cells was not
mediated by the down-regulation of STIM1 and Orai1 expression, the known essential molecular players
in the CCE pathway. Instead, we identified a molecular interaction between PS and STIM1 proteins by
immunoprecipitation. On the other hand, immunofluorescence staining showed a significant reduction in
puncta formation after ER Ca2+ depleted by thapsigargin in cells infected with PS1-M146L as compared to
the wild type PS1 infected cells. Taken together, our results suggest a molecular mechanism for the CCE
deficits in FAD associated with PS1 mutations. The interaction of mutant PS1 with STIM1 exerts a
negative impact on its oligomerization and/or its interaction with Orai1. Our results may suggest molecular
targets for the development of therapeutic agents that help to treat the disease.published_or_final_versio
Understanding as the Beginning of Agreement: Linguistic Aspects of Intercultural Family Communication
Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: 1) Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ; 2) Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ/ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ; ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²; 4) ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°. ΠΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅, Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°: Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ, Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ, Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ, Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡ Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π²Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
.The paper discusses the issues connected with the use of language in an intercultural family, which include: 1) the choice of language, 2) bilingualism / polylingualism, 3) code mixing and code switching, 4) the use of an oikolect. Linguistic difficulties, which can lead to communication problems, can occur on the phonological, graphic, lexical or linguocognitive level, as well as the level of communication strategies. The paper brings together the theoretical frameworks of communication studies, linguistics and semiotics in order to identify the key problems, which arise in intercultural marriages, and suggest possible solutions. Methods employed in the research include observation, questionnaires and interviews, narrative, biographic, and semiotic analysis. The study is done from the Russian perspective and is aimed at overcoming the difficulties intercultural families face both in Russia and abroad. The results of the study may lead to their practical application in family counselling, cross-cultural education and training, as well as in real-life situations
Retranslation of humour as a positive intercultural communication strategy
Humorous discourse is a positive communication strategy, which contributes to the success of intercultural encounters. On the other hand, wrong interpretation of humorous culture-specific meanings can be a cause of communication failures. The present paper analyses five translations of I. Ilf and E. Petrov's books The Twelve Chairs and The Golden Calf from Russian into English. The study shows that the key factors which influence the construction of cultural meanings include: background knowledge, presuppositions, imagery, evaluation, emotional perception, cultural context, connection with precedent concepts and texts, and intertextuality. The treatment of cultural meanings also depends on the historical period when the translation is done and the political views of the translator
Π‘Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π»Π°Π½Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠ±Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
The aim of the paper is to investigate how urban semiotic signs construct the image of Volgograd as a non-capital city, which is in many ways representative of the current social processes in Russia. The study is done from the perspective of urban communication studies. The interdisciplinary approach is elucidated through the use of the theoretical frameworks of symbolic interactionism and critical discourse analysis, in combination with the research instruments of sociolinguistics, semiotics and ethnography of communication. The investigation shows in what way the semiotic landscape of Volgograd is created by means of verbal and nonverbal signs reflecting the cityβs historical memories, its cultural heritage and globalization tendencies. The emergence of new creative forms of communication, such as anti-cafΓ©s, βposidelkiβ, βkvartirnikiβ, etc., brings about changes in discourse patterns and vocabulary. Social activism based on βbottom-upβ information flows produces new forms of urban communication symbolizing the growth of a new generation of the city-dwellersΠ¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ β ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π°
ΠΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠ±Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ β ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡ-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°,
Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π°Π½Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π· Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°
ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ², Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡ, ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅, Β«ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΒ», Β«ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈΒ» ΠΈ Ρ. Π΄., ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠ±Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
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