The effect of flexibility in working hours on fertility: A comparative analysis of selected european countries

The main aim of this paper is to measure the extent to which part-time work enhances fertility for married or cohabiting women of fertile age. The study covers eleven European countries. The data used are a pool sample of five waves of the European Community Household Panel. Given that we believe that the decisions concerning fertility and labor market status are taken jointly, we carry out a simultaneous estimation approach. Results suggest that policy makers wishing to implement adequate part-time schedules so as to enhance fertility should look at the part-time schedules available in Belgium, Ireland and The Netherlands, which enhance fertility for women who take advantage of this flexibility measure so as to reconcile family and work.fertility, comparative analysis, simultaneous estimation, part time work

The effect of flexibility in working hours on fertility: A comparative analysis of selected european countries

The main aim of this paper is to measure the extent to which part-time work enhances fertility for married or cohabiting women of fertile age. The study covers eleven European countries. The data used are a pool sample of five waves of the European Community Household Panel. Given that we believe that the decisions concerning fertility and labor market status are taken jointly, we carry out a simultaneous estimation approach. Results suggest that policy makers wishing to implement adequate part-time schedules so as to enhance fertility should look at the part-time schedules available in Belgium, Ireland and The Netherlands, which enhance fertility for women who take advantage of this flexibility measure so as to reconcile family and work.The authors acknowledge the financial help received from the FFBVA (1/BBVA 00044.321- 15467/2002), and Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture (BEC2000-1394). Alfredo Ariza is very grateful to ECASS (European Centre for Analysis in Social Sciences) at the ISER of Essex

App que facilita conocer en tiempo real rutas del servicio de transporte público dentro de Lima Metropolitana – “TuTransporte”

El presente trabajo de investigación trata de un aplicativo móvil “TuTransporte”, este conecta al usuario con los diversos medios de transporte en tiempo real, de forma segura y oportuna acorde a la necesidad de conocer y encontrar una unidad vehicular cercana a su domicilio, una ruta práctica y finalmente el poder contar con opciones que faciliten la decisión de tomar un medio de transporte en Lima Metropolitana. El presente modelo de negocio está implementado de una forma segura considerando las incidencias al ingresar información privada del usuario durante su registro. Por ello, TuTransporte apuesta por la inversión en sistemas informáticos y así mantener la confidencialidad de los datos de los usuarios, de la misma forma la validación y verificación en las formas de pago, y el control en los procesos internos de la compañía. Respecto al análisis económico financiero, el proyecto es rentable para los inversionistas y el flujo de caja evidencia saldos positivos a partir del año 2. TuTransporte presenta un VPN FCLD de 1,504,371 soles, importe que se logrará en el proyecto, además de la rentabilidad que generará durante la puesta en marcha de la app. Asimismo, al invertir 188,142 soles el proyecto genera una rentabilidad promedio anual de 11.83 % expresados en términos del año cero. Por otro lado, el VPN FCNI por invertir 65,850 soles, el proyecto brindará una rentabilidad promedio anual para los inversionistas de 19.98% y de 928,193 soles expresados en términos del año cero.This research work deals with a mobile application "TuTransporte", which connects the user with the various means of transportation in real time, in a safe and timely manner according to the need to know and find a vehicle unit near their home, a practical route and finally to have options that facilitate the decision to take a means of transportation in Metropolitan Lima. This business model is implemented in a secure way considering the incidents when entering private information of the user during registration. For this reason, TuTransporte is committed to investing in computer systems to maintain the confidentiality of user data, as well as validation and verification of payment methods and control of the company's internal processes. Regarding the financial economic analysis, the project is profitable for investors and the cash flow shows positive balances from year 2. TuTransporte presents a VPN FCLD of 1,504,371 PEN, an amount that will be achieved in the project, in addition to the profitability that will be generated during the start-up of the app. Likewise, by investing 188,142 PEN, the project generates an average annual profitability of 11.83% expressed in terms of year 0. On the other hand, the VPN FCNI for investing 65,850 PEN, the project will provide an average annual return for investors of 19.98% and 928,193 PEN expressed in terms of year 0.Trabajo de investigació

Entry into Motherhood: The Effect of Wages

Using the ECHP, we explored the determinants of having the first child in Spain. Our main goal was to study the relation between female wages and the decision to enter motherhood. Since the offered wage of non-working women is not observed, we estimate it and impute a potential wage to each woman (working and non-working). This potential wage enable us to investigate the effect of wages (the opportunity cost of time non-worked and dedicated to children) on the decision to have the first child, for both workers and non-workers. Contrary to previous results, we found that female wages are positively related to the likelihood of having the first child. This result suggests that the income effect overcomes the substitution effect when non-participants opportunity cost is also taken into account

The effect of flexibility in working hours on fertility: A comparative analysis of selected european countries

The main aim of this paper is to measure the extent to which part-time work enhances fertility for married or cohabiting women of fertile age. The study covers eleven European countries. The data used are a pool sample of five waves of the European Community Household Panel. Given that we believe that the decisions concerning fertility and labor market status are taken jointly, we carry out a simultaneous estimation approach. Results suggest that policy makers wishing to implement adequate part-time schedules so as to enhance fertility should look at the part-time schedules available in Belgium, Ireland and The Netherlands, which enhance fertility for women who take advantage of this flexibility measure so as to reconcile family and work.The authors acknowledge the financial help received from the FFBVA (1/BBVA 00044.321- 15467/2002), and Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture (BEC2000-1394). Alfredo Ariza is very grateful to ECASS (European Centre for Analysis in Social Sciences) at the ISER of Essex

The effect of flexibility in working hours on fertility: A comparative analysis of selected European Countries

The main aim of this paper is to measure the extent to which part-time work enhances fertility for married or cohabiting women of fertile age. The study covers eleven European countries. The data used are a pool sample of five waves of the European Community Household Panel. Given that we believe that the decisions concerning fertility and labor market status are taken jointly, we carry out a simultaneous estimation approach. Results suggest that policy makers wishing to implement adequate parttime schedules so as to enhance fertility should look at the part-time schedules available in Belgium, Ireland and The Netherlands, which enhance fertility for women who take advantage of this flexibility measure so as to reconcile family and work

Understanding the Adverse Hemodynamic Effects of Serious Thoracic Injuries During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Review and Approach Based on the Campbell Diagram.

Chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) generate cardiac output during cardiac arrest. Their quality performance is key to achieving the return of spontaneous circulation. Serious thoracic injuries (STIs) are common during CPR, and they can change the shape and mechanics of the thorax. Little is known about their hemodynamic effects, so a review of this emerging concept is necessary. The Campbell diagram (CD) is a theoretical framework that integrates the lung and chest wall pressure-volume curves, allowing us to assess the consequences of STIs on respiratory mechanics and hemodynamics. STIs produce a decrease in the compliance of the chest wall and lung. The representation of STIs on the CD shows a decrease in the intrathoracic negative pressure and a functional residual capacity decrease during the thoracic decompression, leading to a venous return impairment. The thorax with STIs is more vulnerable to the adverse hemodynamic effects of leaning, hyperventilation, and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction during CPR. A better understanding of the effects of STIs during CPR, and the study of avoidable injuries, can help to improve the effectiveness of chest compressions and the survival in cardiac arrest

Perspectives and consensus among international orthopaedic surgeons during initial and mid-lockdown phases of coronavirus disease

With a lot of uncertainty, unclear, and frequently changing management protocols, COVID-19 has significantly impacted the orthopaedic surgical practice during this pandemic crisis. Surgeons around the world needed closed introspection, contemplation, and prospective consensual recommendations for safe surgical practice and prevention of viral contamination. One hundred orthopaedic surgeons from 50 countries were sent a Google online form with a questionnaire explicating protocols for admission, surgeries, discharge, follow-up, relevant information affecting their surgical practices, difficulties faced, and many more important issues that happened during and after the lockdown. Ten surgeons critically construed and interpreted the data to form rationale guidelines and recommendations. Of the total, hand and microsurgery surgeons (52%), trauma surgeons (32%), joint replacement surgeons (20%), and arthroscopy surgeons (14%) actively participated in the survey. Surgeons from national public health care/government college hospitals (44%) and private/semiprivate practitioners (54%) were involved in the study. Countries had lockdown started as early as January 3, 2020 with the implementation of partial or complete lifting of lockdown in few countries while writing this article. Surgeons (58%) did not stop their surgical practice or clinics but preferred only emergency cases during the lockdown. Most of the surgeons (49%) had three-fourths reduction in their total patients turn-up and the remaining cases were managed by conservative (54%) methods. There was a 50 to 75% reduction in the number of surgeries. Surgeons did perform emergency procedures without COVID-19 tests but preferred reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR; 77%) and computed tomography (CT) scan chest (12%) tests for all elective surgical cases. Open fracture and emergency procedures (60%) and distal radius (55%) fractures were the most commonly performed surgeries. Surgeons preferred full personal protection equipment kits (69%) with a respirator (N95/FFP3), but in the case of unavailability, they used surgical masks and normal gowns. Regional/local anesthesia (70%) remained their choice for surgery to prevent the aerosolized risk of contaminations. Essential surgical follow-up with limited persons and visits was encouraged by 70% of the surgeons, whereas teleconsultation and telerehabilitation by 30% of the surgeons. Despite the protective equipment, one-third of the surgeons were afraid of getting infected and 56% feared of infecting their near and dear ones. Orthopaedic surgeons in private practice did face 50 to 75% financial loss and have to furlough 25% staff and 50% paramedical persons. Orthopaedics meetings were cancelled, and virtual meetings have become the preferred mode of sharing the knowledge and experiences avoiding human contacts. Staying at home, reading, and writing manuscripts became more interesting and an interesting lifestyle change is seen among the surgeons. Unanimously and without any doubt all accepted the fact that COVID-19 pandemic has reached an unprecedented level where personal hygiene, hand washing, social distancing, and safe surgical practices are the viable antidotes, and they have all slowly integrated these practices into their lives. Strict adherence to local authority recommendations and guidelines, uniform and standardized norms for admission, inpatient, and discharge, mandatory RT-PCR tests before surgery and in selective cases with CT scan chest, optimizing and regularizing the surgeries, avoiding and delaying nonemergency surgeries and follow-up protocols, use of teleconsultations cautiously, and working in close association with the World Health Organization and national health care systems will provide a conducive and safe working environment for orthopaedic surgeons and their fraternity and also will prevent the resurgence of COVID-19