ЕКОНОМІЧНЕ СТАНОВИЩЕ ДВОРЯН БЕССАРАБСЬКОЇ ГУБЕРНІЇ ПІД ЧАС ПЕРШОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ

After the annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, a noble class of the representatives of local elite was formed on its territory. Due to the deteriorating economic situation of the upper class of the Bessarabian governorate during the First World War, only 590 people participated in the political and economic life of the governorate and the country. The reason for this was the decrease in the number of land ownership among the nobility of the governorate. In the early twentieth century, the land plots that belonged to the landlords were the symbol of prosperity for them, and they gave the opportunity to the hereditary nobles to participate in the deputy nobility meetings and the election of members of the town council to the County Zemstvo Assembly. During the First World War the Bessarabian governorate nobles played a social role not only of the landlords, officials and the army men, but also teachers, doctors and engineers. Therefore, their incomes were different, in accordance with the established salaries.The purpose of the article is to study the economic condition of the Bessarabian governorate nobles, depending on their activities. Using a comparative method, it became known that the share of nobles land ownership in the Bessarabian governorate during the First World War was declining, which led to the mastering of new professions for the nobility of the Russian Empire. The most affluent were high-ranking officials, such as ministers and deputies of the State Duma, as well as the governor and senior officers. The least well-off in terms of income were the landlords with land ownership of up to 100 acres, representatives of the professions inherent in the intellectuals.After the annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, a noble class of the representatives of local elite was formed on its territory. Due to the deteriorating economic situation of the upper class of the Bessarabian governorate during the First World War, only 590 people participated in the political and economic life of the governorate and the country. The reason for this was the decrease in the number of land ownership among the nobility of the governorate. In the early twentieth century, the land plots that belonged to the landlords were the symbol of prosperity for them, and they gave the opportunity to the hereditary nobles to participate in the deputy nobility meetings and the election of members of the town council to the County Zemstvo Assembly. During the First World War the Bessarabian governorate nobles played a social role not only of the landlords, officials and the army men, but also teachers, doctors and engineers. Therefore, their incomes were different, in accordance with the established salaries.The purpose of the article is to study the economic condition of the Bessarabian governorate nobles, depending on their activities. Using a comparative method, it became known that the share of nobles land ownership in the Bessarabian governorate during the First World War was declining, which led to the mastering of new professions for the nobility of the Russian Empire. The most affluent were high-ranking officials, such as ministers and deputies of the State Duma, as well as the governor and senior officers. The least well-off in terms of income were the landlords with land ownership of up to 100 acres, representatives of the professions inherent in the intellectuals

Diplomatic Ceremonial as the Basis of the Culture of International Relations

Currently, there is an increased interest in the ceremonial culture in general, and in etiquette as a component of the ceremonial, in particular. This phenomenon is largely explained by their special role in the processes of communication in society, as well as a new understanding of the processes of communication and behaviour themselves. A ceremonial is a kind of cultural message from one social group of people to another. The basic idea of behaviour, the inner meaning of secular ceremonial is laid down in church rituals, and external forms of behaviour can be borrowed from the traditions of everyday secular life. The relevance of the study is determined by insufficient knowledge of diplomatic ceremonies of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the fact that knowledge of the laws of their functioning expands the understanding of domestic politics and international relations of the era, the cultural component of the life of Soviet society. The socio-cultural aspect of the topic is also relevant in scientific terms. This research can contribute to the study of the history of the organisational culture of Soviet society. Taking into account the absence of a special study devoted to the problem in historiography, the purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive study of the communicative functions of diplomatic ceremonial in international communication based on the analysis and generalisation of new facts with the involvement of archival materials and other sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In this study, art is considered for the first time from the point of view of the communicative factor of diplomatic ceremonial. For the first time, such a term as "diplomatic counterculture" is introduced into circulation

Music as an Important Means of Foreign Policy

The article discusses the influence of music on the process of political socialization, analyzes the mechanisms of interaction between the musical and political spheres of society at different historical stages. The relevance of this article lies in the fact that at this historical stage the questions of studying the experience of establishing cooperation between states using the methods of cultural negotiations are most relevant in connection with the events taking place in world politics. The purpose of this study is to analyze musical art as an important element of international political relations, as well as to substantiate the effectiveness of the use of musical art in political negotiations. The article describes the cultural relations of allies during political negotiations at different historical stages using archival scientific materials. The principles of construction are considered, as well as the artistic features of concert programs at the Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences. The methodological basis of the study is the work of cultural communication researchers. The main methods of cognition are theoretical analysis of scientific-journalistic literature, narrative analysis and historical method, comparative and typological method, generalization of theoretical and practical experience of influence of music on political processes in the world. The practical significance of the research on "Music as an important instrument of foreign policy" is that the data obtained in the scientific research can be used by specialists and teachers of higher educational institutions, as well as in the preparation of a methodological educational program in the field of "History" and "Political Science". The results of the ongoing research may be of scientific interest to students, specialists and teachers of history, political science and cultural studies in higher educational institutions and advanced training courses

Arreglo de relaciones de herencia en acuerdos internacionales bilaterales de Ucrania con estados extranjeros sobre asistencia legal en casos civiles

The main features of inheritance relations with a foreign element are given. The main issues to be resolved in inheritance relations with the help of international agreements concluded by Ukraine with foreign states on legal assistance in civil cases were identified. It has been established that the norms of two dozen bilateral international agreements on legal assistance and about three dozen consular conventions that Ukraine has concluded with many states are devoted to the issue of international inheritance. Some of the conventions operate in the order of succession of Ukraine after the collapse of the USSR. Comparative analysis of the content of the texts of bilateral international agreements of Ukraine with foreign states on legal assistance in civil matters allowed classifying them by methods of regulation of inheritance relations into three groups: ones that do not contain separate articles (articles) on the regulation of inheritance relations; agreements on legal relations and legal assistance in civil matters between Ukraine and foreign countries, which contain provisions on inheritance relations, which in turn are divided into two groups depending on the structure and content of the articles: inheritance cases and the right to inheritance. The analysis gives grounds to claim the lack of a unified approach to the conclusion of contracts in the third group. This cannot be explained by the will of the parties, because the content of this group of agreements has a high level of identity. The agreement between Ukraine and the Republic of Cyprus on legal assistance in civil matters, which has a separate section IV on inheritance, has an exceptional content in the regulation of inheritance relations, but in comparison with other two groups of agreements with foreign countries contains very brief information. From the analyzed bilateral international agreements it was concluded that most aspects of inheritance relations are regulated by the personal law of a testator or the right of location of a property. There is a gradual overcoming of the problem of splitting the inheritance status, regardless of the location of the inheritance, the spread of the possibility of choosing the applicable law to the estate.Se dan las principales características de las relaciones de herencia con un elemento extranjero. Se identificaron los principales problemas que deben resolverse en las relaciones de herencia con la ayuda de los acuerdos internacionales concluidos por Ucrania con estados extranjeros sobre asistencia legal en casos civiles. Se ha establecido que las normas de dos docenas de acuerdos internacionales bilaterales sobre asistencia legal y unas tres docenas de convenciones consulares que Ucrania ha concluido con muchos estados están dedicadas al tema de la herencia internacional. Algunas de las convenciones operan en el orden de sucesión de Ucrania después del colapso de la URSS. El análisis comparativo del contenido de los textos de los acuerdos internacionales bilaterales de Ucrania con estados extranjeros sobre asistencia legal en asuntos civiles permitió clasificarlos por métodos de regulación de las relaciones de herencia en tres grupos: aquellos que no contienen artículos separados (artículos) sobre la regulación de las relaciones de herencia; acuerdos sobre relaciones jurídicas y asistencia jurídica en asuntos civiles entre Ucrania y países extranjeros, que contienen disposiciones sobre las relaciones de herencia, que a su vez se dividen en dos grupos según la estructura y el contenido de los artículos: casos de herencia y derecho a la herencia. El análisis da motivos para alegar la falta de un enfoque unificado para la celebración de contratos en el tercer grupo. Esto no puede explicarse por la voluntad de las partes, porque el contenido de este grupo de acuerdos tiene un alto nivel de identidad. El acuerdo entre Ucrania y la República de Chipre sobre asistencia jurídica en materia civil, que tiene una sección IV separada sobre sucesiones, tiene un contenido excepcional en la regulación de las relaciones sucesorias, pero en comparación con otros dos grupos de acuerdos con países extranjeros contiene muy Breve información. De los convenios internacionales bilaterales analizados se concluyó que la mayoría de los aspectos de las relaciones sucesorias están regulados por la ley personal de un testador o el derecho de ubicación de un inmueble. Hay una paulatina superación del problema de la división del estado de la herencia, independientemente del lugar de la herencia, la extensión de la posibilidad de elegir la ley aplicable a la herencia

ASSESSMENT OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY OF BUSINESS INNOVATION ENTERPRISES IN HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM

Due to a number of external uncontrolled factors of negative influence, Ukrainian business entities functioning in the hospitality and tourism business have seen the most severe crisis and depression over the past three years. In order to survive in such conditions and develop the business intensively, Ukrainian business entities must clearly define internal problematic aspects to correct them promptly, as well as the potential opportunities towards which the maximum effort should be directed. The article offers and justifies an approach to assessing the financial and economic security of hospitality and tourism business entities in the complex modern conditions under which the Ukrainian economy is developing. In order to achieve the research goal, the methods of systematization, grouping, and logical generalization were applied. The article systematizes the key aspects of ensuring the financial and economic security for the company's activities that should be followed by its management, describes the structure of an enterprise's financial and economic security, and formulates the concept of financial and economic security for business entities in hospitality and tourism. The paper also specifies the sequence of stages, which would be advisable to follow when managing the financial and economic security of hospitality and tourism enterprises. The authors have summarized the approaches to assessing an enterprise's financial and economic security in modern literature and have grouped the indicators of financial and economic security for hospitality and tourism business enterprises. The study analyzes the dynamics of financial indicators which comprehensively characterize the functioning of temporary accommodation and catering enterprises, as well as economic operators of tourist activity in Ukraine and offers an approach to assessing the financial and economic security of hospitality and tourism business enterprises which base their activities on the innovation potential. The results of the study prove that differentiating and operating the components of hospitality and tourism business operators' innovation potential is expedient and improves their financial and economic security. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in increasing the financial and economic security and innovativeness of hospitality and tourism business enterprises in Ukraine by applying the proposed approach to evaluation as a monitoring tool

Opportunities for sexual transmission of antiretroviral drug resistance among HIV-infected patients in care

OBJECTIVE: To assess opportunities for transmitted drug resistance (TDR), we examined sexual risk behaviours, HIV viraemia and antiretroviral resistance among patients in care. DESIGN: A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of clinical cohort data. METHODS: For 244 UNC Center for AIDS Research HIV Clinical Cohort participants, demographic and behavioural data were obtained during in-person interviews between 2000 and 2011. Genotypic resistance tests were interpreted using WHO surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRMs). Log-linear binomial regression was used to evaluate associations with TDR risk, defined as unprotected sex in the prior 6 months, HIV RNA at least 400 copies/ml and at least one SDRM. RESULTS: Participants included 91 (37%) women and 153 men, of whom 92 (60%) were MSM. Median age was 43 years; 70% were Black (n = 171). Most (97%) were antiretroviral-experienced; 44% had exposure to more than four regimens. Among 204 individuals on antiretrovirals, 42% reported suboptimal adherence and 29% were viraemic. Over half of participants had at least one SDRM (n = 131); 26 (11%) had triple-class resistance. Overall, 70% were sexually active, and 55% used condoms inconsistently. Thirty (12%) reported unprotected sex during periods of drug-resistant viraemia. Higher TDR risk was associated with prior homelessness [adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 2.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-4.18], active substance use (aPR 3.12, 95% CI 1.47-6.62) and nonsignificantly with MSM (aPR 1.75, 95% CI 0.93-3.28). CONCLUSION: A small but significant proportion of clinic patients with drug-resistant HIV engage in sexual behaviours that place others at risk for TDR. Targeted efforts in secondary prevention could have an impact on TDR incidence, over time

Methods of operative and informative control of the muscle loading level used during the training of sambo wrestlers

The aim of this paper is to find out effective, informative and available monitoring techniques and ways of assessment of sambo wrestlers’ functional readiness for training and competitive activity. Recent research based on the standard medical examination data suggests that many sambo wrestlers demonstrate unsatisfying types of cardiovascular response to exercise. The paper provides the results of a comparative analysis concerning the efficiency of utilization of two methods that allow controlling the functional state of sportsmen in the training for sambo wrestlers. These two methods include the assessment of heart rate recovery dynamics and ECG recording during training. As it was revealed, both techniques allow maintaining athletes’ physical health. However, the ECG recording method, developed by Professor Zavyalov, seems to work better to increase the level of sambo wrestlers’ functional readiness for intensive training and competitive activity. Sambo wrestlers who underwent ECG recording have demonstrated significantly less recovery interval after physical exertion (p<0.05), this being one of the key criteria of the level of sportsmen’s functional readiness for high performance achievement

Macrophages sustain HIV replication in vivo independently of T cells

Macrophages have long been considered to contribute to HIV infection of the CNS; however, a recent study has contradicted this early work and suggests that myeloid cells are not an in vivo source of virus production. Here, we addressed the role of macrophages in HIV infection by first analyzing monocytes isolated from viremic patients and patients undergoing antiretroviral treatment. We were unable to find viral DNA or viral outgrowth in monocytes isolated from peripheral blood. To determine whether tissue macrophages are productively infected, we used 3 different but complementary humanized mouse models. Two of these models (bone marrow/liver/thymus [BLT] mice and T cell–only mice [ToM]) have been previously described, and the third model was generated by reconstituting immunodeficient mice with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells that were devoid of human T cells (myeloid-only mice [MoM]) to specifically evaluate HIV replication in this population. Using MoM, we demonstrated that macrophages can sustain HIV replication in the absence of T cells; HIV-infected macrophages are distributed in various tissues including the brain; replication-competent virus can be rescued ex vivo from infected macrophages; and infected macrophages can establish de novo infection. Together, these results demonstrate that macrophages represent a genuine target for HIV infection in vivo that can sustain and transmit infection