Diversity and relationships in key traits for functional and apparent quality in a collection of eggplant: fruit phenolics content, antioxidant activity, polyphenol oxidase activity, and browning

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work seehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf402429kEggplant (Solanum melongena) varieties with increased levels of phenolics in the fruit present enhanced functional quality, but may display greater fruit flesh browning. We evaluated 18 eggplant accessions for fruit total phenolics content, chlorogenic acid content, DPPH scavenging activity, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, liquid extract browning, and fruit flesh browning. For all the traits we found a high diversity, with differences among accessions of up to 3.36-fold for fruit flesh browning. Variation in total content in phenolics and in chlorogenic acid content accounted only for 18.9% and 6.0% in the variation in fruit flesh browning, and PPO activity was not significantly correlated with fruit flesh browning. Liquid extract browning was highly correlated with chlorogenic acid content (r = 0.852). Principal components analysis (PCA) identified four groups of accessions with different profiles for the traits studied. Results suggest that it is possible to develop new eggplant varieties with improved functional and apparent quality.This project has been funded by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia through the grants SP20120681 and PAID-06-11 Nr. 2082, and by Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad Grant AGL2012-34213 (jointly funded by FEDER).Plazas Ávila, MDLO.; López Gresa, MP.; Vilanova Navarro, S.; Torres Vidal, C.; Hurtado Ricart, M.; Gramazio, P.; Andújar Pérez, I.... (2013). Diversity and relationships in key traits for functional and apparent quality in a collection of eggplant: fruit phenolics content, antioxidant activity, polyphenol oxidase activity, and browning. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 61(37):8871-8879. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf402429kS88718879613

Regulation of proteinaceous effector expression in phytopathogenic fungi

Effectors are molecules used by microbial pathogens to facilitate infection via effector-triggered susceptibility or tissue necrosis in their host. Much research has been focussed on the identification and elucidating the function of fungal effectors during plant pathogenesis. By comparison, knowledge of how phytopathogenic fungi regulate the expression of effector genes has been lagging. Several recent studies have illustrated the role of various transcription factors, chromosome-based control, effector epistasis, and mobilisation of endosomes within the fungal hyphae in regulating effector expression and virulence on the host plant. Improved knowledge of effector regulation is likely to assist in improving novel crop protection strategies

Biotechnological Perspective of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Mediated Stress Tolerance in Plants

All environmental cues lead to develop secondary stress conditions like osmotic and oxidative stress conditions that reduces average crop yields by more than 50% every year. The univalent reduction of molecular oxygen (O2) in metabolic reactions consequently produces superoxide anions (O2•−) and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) ubiquitously in all compartments of the cell that disturbs redox potential and causes threat to cellular organelles. The production of ROS further increases under stress conditions and especially in combination with high light intensity. Plants have evolved different strategies to minimize the accumulation of excess ROS like avoidance mechanisms such as physiological adaptation, efficient photosystems such as C4 or CAM metabolism and scavenging mechanisms through production of antioxidants and antioxidative enzymes. Ascorbate-glutathione pathway plays an important role in detoxifying excess ROS in plant cells, which includes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in detoxifying O2•−radical and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) respectively, monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) involved in recycling of reduced substrates such as ascorbate and glutathione. Efficient ROS management is one of the strategies used by tolerant plants to survive and perform cellular activities under stress conditions. The present chapter describes different sites of ROS generation and and their consequences under abiotic stress conditions and also described the approaches to overcome oxidative stress through genomics and genetic engineering

The Meta-Analysis Of The Studies About The Effects Of Flipped Learning On Students’ Achievement

The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of the flipped learning model on the academic success of students. In this research featuring a descriptive survey model, a quantitative research method has been used. While criterion sampling method has been used for selecting the sample of this research, meta-analysis has been used to analyze the data. The inclusion and exclusion criteria of this study were as follows: Sources must be an article or a thesis; be studies performed in Turkey; have been published between 2014 and 2018; be open-access; the sampling must consist of students; they must examine the effect of the flipped learning model on success; have an experimental design; have pretest/posttest experimenting and a control group design; include data such as pretest and posttest standard deviation, arithmetic average, and sample size. 14 articles and 11 theses, 25 studies formed the study group.Document review technique has been used as data collection technique. As data collection tool, “meta-analysis form” developed by the researchers has been used. effect size values and unified effect sizes were calculated using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) Software.After analysis was conducted based on the random effects model, it was determined that the effect of the flipped learning model on students’ success is medium (Hedge’s g=0.713). It has been seen that the variables of study type, educational level, and year do not have a significant effect on success (p>0.05). When the effect sizes were examined by year, newer studies had larger effect sizes, while the studies conducted with students at primary-secondary levels and with high school degrees had larger effect size averages. © 2020. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education. All rights reserved.2-s2.0-8509999404

Seed Quality, and Fatty Acid and Sugar Contents of Pepper Seeds (Capsicum annuum L.) in Relation to Seed Development and Drying Temperatures

This study was carried out in order to determine the effects of drying temperature (25, 35, and 45 degrees C) and the developmental stage (55, 65, 75, and 85 days after anthesis (DAA)) on germination, vigor, and the sugar (sucrose, glucose, fructose) and fatty acid contents of pepper seeds (Capsicum annuum L.) over 2 consecutive years. In seeds harvested at 75 DAA and after, seed viability and vigor were not influenced by drying at temperatures up to 45 degrees C. Linoleic acid (18:2) was the main fatty acid in pepper seeds, comprising 75-80% of total fatty acids. It was followed by oleic (18: 1) and palmitic (16:0) as roughly 10%-12% and stearic (18:0) as 3%. The results indicated that drying seeds at different temperatures does not change fatty acid composition. Approximately 30% of the pepper seeds are constituted of sucrose, and this did not change with maturity level between 55 and 85 DAA. nor did it change at different drying temperatures. However, the levels of fructose and glucose gradually decreased as the developmental stage advanced and both were lower than 4% of total sugar at the final harvest. Seeds dried at 45 degrees C had lower amounts of sugar compared to those dried at 25 and 35 degrees C. Seed quality and fatty acid and sucrose composition do not change as long as the seeds are harvested within 75 DAA

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MRI FINDINGS, PAIN AND DISABILITY IN THE PATIENTS WITH CERVICAL OSTEOARTHRITIS

WCO-IOF-ESCEO World Congress on Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases -- APR 19-22, 2018 -- Krakow, POLANDWOS: 000440102404085WCO, Int Osteoporosis Fdn, European Soc Clin & Econ Aspects Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis & Musculoskeletal Dis, Sinklar Conf Management B V, Mylan, Lilly, UCB, Medimaps, OsteoSys, Echolight, Abiogen Pharma, Bioventus, Pierre Fabre, Amgen, IBSA, Medi, Kyowa Kirin, Wisepress Com, EffRx, Alexion, Hologic, GE, Galgo Med, Bindex, AgNovos, Theramex, Fidia Pharma Grp, Biomedica, Radius, Roche, Sequol

Positive selection and intragenic recombination contribute to high allelic diversity in effector genes of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, causal agent of the black leaf streak disease of banana

Previously, we have determined the nonhost-mediated recognition of the MfAvr4 and MfEcp2 effector proteins from the banana pathogen Mycosphaerella fijiensis in tomato, by the cognate Cf-4 and Cf-Ecp2 resistance proteins, respectively. These two resistance proteins could thus mediate resistance against M.¿fijiensis if genetically transformed into banana (Musa spp.). However, disease resistance controlled by single dominant genes can be overcome by mutated effector alleles, whose products are not recognized by the cognate resistance proteins. Here, we surveyed the allelic variation within the MfAvr4, MfEcp2, MfEcp2-2 and MfEcp2-3 effector genes of M.¿fijiensis in a global population of the pathogen, and assayed its impact on recognition by the tomato Cf-4 and Cf-Ecp2 resistance proteins, respectively. We identified a large number of polymorphisms that could reflect a co-evolutionary arms race between host and pathogen. The analysis of nucleotide substitution patterns suggests that both positive selection and intragenic recombination have shaped the evolution of M.¿fijiensis effectors. Clear differences in allelic diversity were observed between strains originating from South-East Asia relative to strains from other banana-producing continents, consistent with the hypothesis that M.¿fijiensis originated in the Asian-Pacific region. Furthermore, transient co-expression of the MfAvr4 effector alleles and the tomato Cf-4 resistance gene, as well as of MfEcp2, MfEcp2-2 and MfEcp2-3 and the putative Cf-Ecp2 resistance gene, indicated that effector alleles able to overcome these resistance genes are already present in natural populations of the pathogen, thus questioning the durability of resistance that can be provided by these genes in the field

Transcriptome sequencing uncovers the Avr5 avirulence gene of the tomato leaf mould pathogen Cladosporium fulvum

The Cf-5 gene of tomato confers resistance to strains of the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum carrying the avirulence gene Avr5. Although Cf-5 has been cloned, Avr5 has remained elusive. We report the cloning of Avr5 using a combined bioinformatic and transcriptome sequencing approach. RNA-Seq was performed on the sequenced race 0 strain (0WU; carrying Avr5), as well as a race 5 strain (IPO 1979; lacking a functional Avr5 gene) during infection of susceptible tomato. Forty-four in planta–induced C. fulvum candidate effector (CfCE) genes of 0WU were identified that putatively encode a secreted, small cysteine-rich protein. An expressed transcript sequence comparison between strains revealed two polymorphic CfCE genes in IPO 1979. One of these conferred avirulence to IPO 1979 on Cf-5 tomato following complementation with the corresponding 0WU allele, confirming identification of Avr5. Complementation also led to increased fungal biomass during infection of susceptible tomato, signifying a role for Avr5 in virulence. Seven of eight race 5 strains investigated escape Cf-5-mediated resistance through deletion of the Avr5 gene. Avr5 is heavily flanked by repetitive elements, suggesting that repeat instability, in combination with Cf-5-mediated selection pressure, has led to the emergence of race 5 strains deleted for the Avr5 gene