EVOLUSI HAK KEPEMILIKAN DALAM PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM HUTAN MANGROVE DI LAMPUNG MANGROVE CENTER

RINGKASANEkosistem hutan mangrove seluas 700 ha di Lampung Mangrove Center Desa Margasari Kecamatan Labuhan Maringgai Kabupaten Lampung Timur Provinsi Lampung adalah sumberdaya milik bersama (CPRs).  Karakteristik sumberdaya tersebut tidak memungkinkan untuk melalukan pemagaran, memerlukan persaingan dalam mendapatkan manfaat, dan tidak dapat mengeluarkan yang tidak berhak dalam pengelolaannya.  Hutan mangrove tersebut telah mengalami perubahan sumberdaya secara fisik, sosial, ekonomi, dan peran para pihak sejak tahun 1977. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui terjadinya evolusi hak kepemilikan dan pendekatan kebijakan dalam keberlanjutan pengelolaan hutan mangrove.   Data yang didapatkan dianalisis menggunakan analisis kelembagaan (IAD) yang dikembangkan oleh Ostrom (1999).  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa awal terjadinya evolusi dimulai pada tahun 1977-1990 dengan dorongan membaiknya harga udang di pasaran dunia dan kelembaman dalam organisasi pemerintah dalam pemberian ijin pembukaan udang tradisional dengan menebang hutan mangrove.  Pada tahun 1991-1997 terjadi abrasi yang menenggelamkan tambak-tambak tradisonal yang telah bersertifikat.  Adanya bencana abrasi mendorong ke perubahan kepemilikan berikutnya yaitu tidak ada kepemilikan (non- right ownerships). Pada tahun 1995 dan 1997 Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi bersama masyarakat melakukan rehabililitasi hutan mangrove.  Adanya rehabilitasi dari pemerintah bersama masyarakat (organizational energy) tersebut mendorong suksesnya perkembangan mangrove sampai 700 ha.  Lahan-lahan tambak yang pernah terabrasi muncul kembali pada tahun 1998- 2004.  Kemunculan kembali lahan tambak dan meluasnya hutan mangrove ke arah lautan serta kelembaman kelembagaan pengelolaan mendorong perubahan kepemilikan pada tahun 2005-2010. Transfer kepemilikan hutan mangrove seluas 700 ha kepada Universitas Lampung dari pihak Kabupaten Lampung Timur telah mengubah hak kepemilikan selanjutnya dengan tiga macam tipe kepemilikan yaitu 1) hak untuk memasuki dan memanfaatkan; 2) hak untuk mengelola; dan 3) hak untuk mengeluarkan yang tidak berhak.Kata kunci: CPRs, evolusi hak kepemilikan, abrasi, kelembaman, IA

Factors affecting oxidative peat decomposition due to land use in tropical peat swamp forests in Indonesia

The increasing frequency of fire due to drainage of tropical peatland has become a major environmental problem in Southeast Asia. To clarify the effects of changes in land use on carbon dioxide emissions, we measured oxidative peat decomposition (PD) at different stages of disturbance at three sites in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia: an undrained peat swamp forest (UF), a heavily drained peat swamp forest (DF), and a drained and burned ex-forest (DB). PD exhibited seasonality, being less in the wet season and greater in the dry season. From February 2014 to December 2015, mean PD (± SE) were 1.90 ± 0.19, 2.30 ± 0.33, and 1.97 ± 0.25 μmol m[-2] s[-1] at UF, DF, and DB, respectively. The groundwater level (GWL) was a major controlling factor of PD at all sites. At UF and DF, PD and GWL showed significant quadratic relationships. At DB, PD and GWL showed significant positive and negative relationships during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Using these relationships, we estimated annual PD from GWL data for 2014 and 2015 as 698 and 745 g C m[-2] yr[−1]at UF (mean GWL: − 0.23 and − 0.39 m), 775 and 825 g C m[-2] yr[−1] at DF (− 0.55 and − 0.59 m), and 646 and 748 g C m[-2] yr[−1] at DB (− 0.22 and − 0.62 m), respectively. The annual PD was significantly higher in DF than in UF or DB, in both years. Despite the very dry conditions, the annual PD values at these sites were much lower than those reported for tropical peat at plantations (e.g., oil palm, rubber, and acacia). The differences in the relationship between PD and GWL indicate that separate estimations are required for each type of land. Moreover, our results suggest that PD can be enhanced by drainage both in forests and at burned sites

Soil carbon dioxide emissions from a rubber plantation on tropical peat

Land-use change in tropical peatland potentially results in a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions owing to drainage, which lowers groundwater level (GWL) and consequently enhances oxidative peat decomposition. However, field information on carbon balance is lacking for rubber plantations, which are expanding into Indonesia's peatlands. To assess soil CO2 emissions from an eight-year-old rubber plantation established on peat after compaction, soil CO2 efflux was measured monthly using a closed chamber system from December 2014 to December 2015, in which a strong El Nino event occurred, and consequently GWL lowered deeply.Total soil respiration (SR) and oxidative peat decomposition (PD) were separately quantified by trenching. In addition, peat surface elevation was measured to determine annual subsidence along with GWL. With GWL, SR showed a negative logarithmic relationship (p 0:05). Peat surface elevation varied seasonally in almost parallel with GWL. After correcting for GWL difference, annual total subsidence was determined at 5.64 3.20 and 5.96 0.43 cm yr(-1) outside and inside the trenching, respectively. Annual subsidence only through peat oxidation that was calculated from the annual PD, peat bulk density and peat carbon content was 1.50 cm yr(-1). As a result, oxidative peat decomposition accounted for 25% of total subsidence (5.96 cm yr(-1)) on average on an annual basis. The contribution of peat oxidation was lower than those of previous studies probably because of compaction through land preparation. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Gas Exchange Analysis for Estimating Net CO2 Fixation Capacity of Mangrove (Rhizophora stylosa) Forest in the Mouth of River Fukido, Ishigaki Island, Japan

Mangrove trees have been considered to possess a higher carbon fixation capacity than terrestrial trees although a reliable method to estimate their CO2 fixation capacity has not been established. In this study, net CO2 fixation in above-ground of Rhizophora stylosa was estimated as the difference between photosynthetic absorption and respiratory emission of CO2. In order to estimate these parameters, photosynthetic rates of single-leaves in response to light and temperature and the respiratory rates of leaves and branches in response to temperature were measured. Furthermore, we established a model of diurnal change in temperature. Monthly averages of the diurnal temperature change were used for correcting the CO2 absorption and emission. The effect of temperature modification on the estimation of net CO2 fixation was examined, and the net CO2 fixation capacity estimated with and without temperature modification was compared. Biomass accumulation estimated without temperature modification (i.e. corrected only for the light intensity) was 6.1 tons ha-1 yr-1, while that estimated with temperature modification (i.e. corrected for both light intensity and temperature) was 13.0 tons ha-1 yr-1. A doubling of the estimated values of net CO2 fixation as observed in this study was caused by the decrease in respiratory CO2 emission by half, which results from temperature modification. These findings suggest that temperature modification in gas exchange analysis could improve the accuracy of estimation of the net CO2 fixation capacity

2P579 Development of effective computer-aided drug design strategy by combining molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation(55. Drug design and delivery,Poster Session,Abstract,Meeting Program of EABS &BSJ 2006)

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Soil carbon dioxide emissions due to oxidative peat decomposition in an oil palm plantation on tropical peat

Soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux was measured continuously for two years using an automated chamber system in an oil palm plantation on tropical peat. This study investigated the factors controlling the CO₂ efflux and quantified the annual cumulative CO₂ emissions through soil respiration and heterotrophic respiration, which is equivalent to oxidative peat decomposition. Soil respiration was measured in close-to-tree ( 3 m, FT) plots, and heterotrophic respiration was measured in root-cut (RC) plots by a trenching method. The daily mean CO2 efflux values (mean ±1 standard deviation) were 2.80±2.18, 1.59±1.18, and 1.94±1.581 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in the CT, FT, and RC plots, respectively. Daily mean CO₂ efflux increased exponentially as the groundwater level or water-filled pore space decreased, indicating that oxidative peat decomposition and gas diffusion in the soil increased due to enhanced aeration resulting from lower groundwater levels. Mean annual gap-filled CO₂ emissions were 1.03 ± 0.53, 0.59 ± 0.26, and 0.69 ± 0.21 kg C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in the CT, FT, and RC plots, respectively. Soil CO₂ emissions were significantly higher in the CT plots (P < 0.05), but did not differ significantly between the FT and RC plots. This implies that root respiration was negligible in the FT plots. Heterotrophic respiration accounted for 66% of soil respiration. Annual CO₂ emissions through both soil and heterotrophic respiration were smaller than those of other oil palm plantations on tropical peat, possibly due to the higher groundwater levels, land compaction, and continuous measurement of soil CO₂ efflux in this study. Mean annual total subsidence was 1.55 to 1.62 cm yr⁻¹, of which oxidative peat decomposition accounted for 72 to 74%. In conclusion, water management to raise groundwater levels would mitigate soil CO₂ emissions from oil palm plantations on tropical peatland

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Comparison between two amplicon-based sequencing panels of different scales in the detection of somatic mutations associated with gastric cancer

Panel description and references. Table S2. Cutting areas of ESD-resected specimens (n=19) by laser capture microdissection and biopsies (n=2). Table S3. Assessment of tumor-derived DNA qualities. (XLS 43 kb