Copyright Exceptions Across Borders: Implementing the Marrakesh Treaty

This article reviews state ratification and implementation of the Marrakesh Treaty since its conclusion in 2013. We find that most states have adhered closely to the Treaty’s text, thus creating a de facto global template of exceptions and limitations that has increasingly enabled individuals with print disabilities, libraries and schools to create accessible format copies and share them across borders. The article argues that the Marrakesh Treaty’s core innovation—mandatory exceptions to copyright to promote public welfare—together with consultations with a diverse range of stakeholders, may offer a model for harmonising human rights and IP in other contexts

The supportive care needs of women experiencing gynaecological cancer: a Western Australian cross-sectional study

Background: Women diagnosed with gynaecological cancer experience supportive care needs that require care provision to reduce the impact on their lives. International evidence suggests supportive care needs of women with gynaecological cancer are not being met and provision of holistic care is a priority area for action. Knowledge on gynaecological cancer supportive care needs is limited, specifically comparison of needs and cancer gynaecological subtype. Our aim was to identify supportive care needs of Western Australian women experiencing gynaecological cancer, their satisfaction with help and explore associations between participant’s demographic characteristics and identified needs. Methods: A cross-sectional design incorporating a modified version of the Supportive Care Needs Survey - short form (SCNS-SF34) assessed 37 supportive care needs under five domains in conjunction with demographic data. Three hundred and forty three women with gynaecological cancer attending a tertiary public referral hospital completed the survey over 12 months. Statistical analysis was performed using the R environment for statistical computing. A linear regression model was fitted with factor scores for each domain and demographic characteristics as explanatory variables. Results: Three hundred and three women (83%) identified at least one moderate or high level supportive care need. The five highest ranked needs were, ‘being informed about your test results as soon as feasible’ (54.8%), ‘fears about cancer spreading’ (53.7%), ‘being treated like a person not just another case’ (51.9%), ‘being informed about cancer which is under control or diminishing (that is, remission)’ (50.7%), and ‘being adequately informed about the benefits and side-effects of treatments before you choose to have them’ (49.9%). Eight of the top ten needs were from the ‘health system and information’ domain. Associations between supportive care items and demographic variables revealed ‘cancer type’, and ‘time since completion of treatment’ had no impact on level of perceived need for any domain. Conclusions: Western Australian women with gynaecological cancer identified a high level of supportive care needs. The implementation of a supportive care screening tool is recommended to ensure needs are identified and care is patient-centred. Early identification and management of needs may help to reduce the burden on health system resources for managing ongoing needs

False sense of security offered by zero-price liability rules? Research exceptions in the US, Europe and Japan in an open innovation context

Trudnoća je posebno važno razdoblje svake žene. Prehrana tijekom trudnoće ima važnu ulogu u očuvanju zdravlja kako majke tako i djeteta. Prehrambene navike prije trudnoće te tijekom trudnoće mogu utjecati na ishod trudnoće i porod. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi prehrambene navike i promjene prehrambenih navika kod trudnica na području Zagreba i Zagrebačke županije, te učestalost korištenja suplementacije kroz trudnoću i prije začeća. 322 ispitanice u dobi između 19. i 42. godine ispunile su anketu. Prehrambene navike ispitanica nisu se uvelike promijenile od perioda prije trudnoće, a većina ispitanica ne unosi dovoljno ribe, orašastih plodova te vode. 58 % ispitanica nije na vrijeme započelo suplementaciju folnom kiselinom, ali u periodu trudnoće čak 88 % ispitanica koristi suplementaciju. Najčešće korišteni dodaci prehrani su multivitamini. Rezultati su pokazali kako značajan broj ispitanica zna koji su najvažniji minerali i vitamini u trudnoći, a dodatke prehrani koriste sa općim ciljem unaprjeđenja zdravlja.Pregnancy is a particularly important period for every woman. Nutrition during pregnancy plays an important role in maintaining the health of both mother and child. Eating habits both before and during pregnancy can affect the outcome of pregnancy and childbirth. The aim of this study was to determine eating habits and changes in eating habits in pregnant women in Zagreb and Zagreb County, and the frequency of supplementation during pregnancy and before conception. 322 respondents between the ages of 19 and 42 completed the survey. The eating habits of the respondents have not changed much since the period before pregnancy, and most of the respondents do not eat enough fish, nuts and water. 58 % of respondents did not start folic acid supplementation on time, but during pregnancy, as many as 88 % of respondents have used supplementation. The most commonly used dietary supplements are multivitamins. The results showed that a significant number of respondents know what the most important minerals and vitamins are in pregnancy, and they use dietary supplements as a general goal to improve health

Intellectual Property Rights and Development

Edited by Mario Cimoli, Giovanni Dosi, Keith E. Maskus, Ruth L. Okediji, Jerome H. Reichman, and Joseph E. Stiglitz: + Offers a comprehensive discussion of the role of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and their relation with innovative activities from a historical perspective + In-depth analysis of the current IPR regime and its impact on catching up countries + Proposes effective alternatives to the current IPR system heavily biased toward patents and copyright

Exploring the associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adolescent cancer risk behaviours in the ALSPAC cohort

BackgroundSome modifiable risk factors for cancer originate during adolescence. While there is evidence indicating relationships between adverse childhood experiences and health risk behaviours generally, little is known about how childhood adversity influences the engagement of adolescents in cancer risk behaviours. This study aimed to determine the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and adolescent cancer risk behaviours.MethodsData were collected prospectively from birth to age 18 years on children born to mothers enrolled into the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort study. Multivariable linear regression models assessed relationships of a composite exposure measure comprised of adverse childhood experiences (total number of childhood adversities experienced from early infancy until age 9 years) with multiple cancer risk behaviours. The latter was expressed as a single continuous score for tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, unsafe sex, and physical inactivity, at ages 11, 14, 16 and 18 years. Analysis was carried out on the complete case and imputation samples of 1,368 and 7,358 participants respectively.ResultsAll adolescent cancer risk behaviours increased in prevalence as the adolescents grew older, except for obesity. Each additional adverse childhood experience was associated with a 0.25 unit increase in adolescent cancer risk behaviour (95% CI 0.16–0.34; p < 0.001). Individually, parental substance misuse (β 0.64, 95% CI 0.25–1.03, p < 0.001) and parental separation (β 0.56, 95% CI 0.27–0.86, p < 0.001) demonstrated the strongest evidence of association with engagement in adolescent cancer risk behaviour.ConclusionChildhood adversity was associated with a greater degree of engagement in adolescent cancer risk behaviours. This finding demonstrates the need for targeted primary and secondary prevention interventions that reduce engagement across multiple cancer risk behaviours for children and adolescents who have experienced adversity in childhood, such as parental substance misuse and separation, and reduce exposure to adversity