Interplay between Interferon-Mediated Innate Immunity and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non–structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp’s are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS

Experimental studies on the effect of exhaustive physical exercise against radiation injury. Part 2

C(57)-Black female mi^e were divided into the next 7 groups for the purpose of examining the effects of the exhaustive physical exercise before and after the irradiation. Group 1. Exercised for 30 minutes directly before the irradiation (RE pre-30 m.) Group 2. Exercised for 1 hour directly before the irradiation (RE pre-1h)Group 3. Exercised for 2 hours directly before the irradiation (RE pre-2h) Group 4. Exercised for 1 hour after the irradiation (RE post) This exercise was continued for 30 days at the rate of 1 hour per day and 6 days per week after irradiation. Group 5. Exercised control (EC) This exercise was the similar as that in Group 4 Group 6. Radiated control (RC) Group 7. "Thyradin" injected (TR) "Thyradin" (thyroid preparation) was injected 0.2 c. c. (contains 10γ of iodine) per 10 grams of body weight, and then the animals were exposed to X-ray on the 7th day after irradiation. Exercised groups were made to run in the cylindrical tread-mill (80 cm in circumference, 8 rotations per minute, i.e. the animals have to run at a speed of 6.4 m per minute). Irradiated groups received 600 r, 660 r and 840 r of X-ray at 99 r per minute. Gas analyses were done in order to evaluate the metabolic level of the exercise on one mouse in each group which was made to run in another tread-mill of the same diameter, rotating in the same speed as one described above, and located in an air-tight chamber shown in fig. 1. The air sample from this chamber was analysed with Scholander's apparatus. This results are as follows: 1) The metabolism increased by the exercise showing 33.85 % (mean) increased of the oxygen consumption. 2) The metabolism was accelerated gradually by the "Thyradin" treatment arriving the maximum arround the 6th day after the injection, showing 42.99 % of the increase of oxygen consumption. 3) The survival rate in the groups which were exercised before the irradiation was higher than that in the group of radiated control and the group exercised after the irradiation. The difference of the survival rate detween the groups exercised bafore the irradiation and the groups exercised after the irradiation was significant (P<0.05). 4) The survival rate in the groups which were exercised before the irradiation was not in proportion to the quantity of the exercise before the irradiation. 5) The metabolism was increased by the injection of "Thyradin" and lowered the survival rate. 6) The weight in the group of radiated control dropped down day by day, but in the group exercised before the irradiation began to recover after three weeks of irradiation. 7) The weight in the group injected "Thyradin" decrease extremely 2 weeks after the irradiation

Lighting by Fluorescent Lamp The Influence of the moving colored objects upon near point

Fluorescent lamp was compared with incadescent lamp concerning the influence upon the shift of the near point after the task seeing the rotating objects with colored stripes. The apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. The drum is covered by paper with stripes of white and one of the standard colors is used by Japanese Color Institution (black, red, yellow and green). Each stripe has the width of 3 cm and an angle of 45° to its moving direction. It rotates at the speed of 60 times per minute. Each examinee has to see this object through a window of 4×5cm opened in the midst of black carton paper, from the distance of 30cm for 20minutes. During the examination he is requested to number the stripes in order to fix his attention to this visual activity. Examinees were men and women of 19-33 years old, with normal vision and without any ophthalmological defect. Mazda Daylight Fluorescent Lamp (FI-200, 20 watt) and Mazda Gas-filled Lamp (100 volt, 100 watt) were used for the examination. The near point optometer by Dr. Ishihara was used for the measurement of near point. The results were as follows: 1) In the illumination of 200 lux, the near point shifts much further in fluorescent lighting than in incadescent lighting. This is true in every color. 2) In fluorescent lighting black and red are more effective than yellow and green. In incadescent lighting no distinguishable difference can be seen among the colors. 3) The examinee feels more comfortable by the case of incadescent lighting than fluorescent lighting. Yellow is the best and green follows in his subjective feeling. From the above results, the authors conclude that incadescent lighting is better than fluorescent lighting when we are engaged in works to see moving objects

Non-aqueous bonding of leuprorelin to Ochratoxin A for solid-phase extraction

The anticancer leuprorelin was found to have excellent affinity to ochratoxin A (OTA), with an equilibrium constant of 2.2 × 10^8 M^-1 at 273 K (dissociation constant Kd = 4.5 nM) when functionalized into a mesoporous polymer for binding to OTA. Binding between the surface-bound leuprorelin and mycotoxin was corroborated using DFT-based analysis, and it was extended to extraction of OTA from heavily fatty matrices of coffee, achieving 95% recovery with improved cyclability as compared with immunoaffinity

Non-aqueous Bonding of Leuprorelin to Ochratoxin A for Peptide-based Solid-phase Extraction

identifier:oai:t2r2.star.titech.ac.jp:5068112