Effects of chronic upper respiratory bypass cannula on the morphology and function of the eye of the sheep

Recent investigators have indicated that bypass breathing achieved by chronic implantation of an upper respiratory bypass cannula in the sheep resulted in an increase in the temperature of the venous blood draining from the nasal venous plexuses to the cavernous sinus. This increase in the venous blood temperature has also been demonstrated to affect the efficiency of the countercurrent heat exchange between the arterial blood to the brain and the venous blood in the cavernous sinus with resultant increases in brain temperature and cerebrospinal fluid pressure. However, no reports exist so far on the influence of bypass breathing on the morphology and function of the eye of the sheep;The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that interruption of normal nasal breathing would affect the morphology and function of the eye;Chronic upper respiratory bypass cannula, with reversible inserts to allow the sheep to breathe normally through the nostrils and the tracheal opening, was surgically implanted in 38 sheep of varying ages and body weights. Changes in retinal vasculature were studied in 14 animals using an ophthalmoscope and fundic camera normal and bypass breathing. The effects of bypass breathing on the components of the electroretinogram were studied over two trials in five animals. The arterial Pco(,2), Po(,2) and pH, as well as the intraocular pressure, were measured during normal and bypass breathing. The histology of the optic nerve head and retinal layers in 22 bypassed and 10 nonbypassed (control) animals were investigated. Vascular changes observed during bypass breathing were compared to vascular changes commonly observed in mongoloids (Down\u27s syndrome in man);Results indicated moderated congestion and engorgement of retinal veins during bypass breathing. Electroretinogram recordings showed an increase in the amplitude (P \u3e 0.005) and a decrease in the duration of the b-wave during bypass breathing. There was no statistical difference (P \u3e 0.51) in the intraocular pressure during normal and bypass breathing. No changes occurred in the arterial Pco(,2) (P \u3e 0.985), Po(,2) (P \u3e 0.98) and pH (P \u3e 0.298) during both normal and bypass breathing. Histologic studies showed mild to marked elevation of the optic disc as well as lateral displacement of the retina during bypass breathing. Engorged blood vessels penetrated the entire layers of the retina establishing contact with the pigment epithelium in bypassed animals. The vascular patterns observed during bypass breathing were not comparable to those reported for mongoloids

Closure of the ductus arteriosus of indigenous South African goats at high altitude

The closure of the ductus arteriosus (DA) of 31 indigenous South African goats, whose ages ranged from 30 days prenatal to 60 days postnatal, were studied at an altitude of 1514 m above sea level by vascular injection as well as histologically and ultrastructurally. The vascular injection results showed that functional occlusion started from the pulmonary end of the DA in kids 6 days old and progressed to the aortic end in kids 8 days old. Histologically, anatomical obliteration was observed in kids from 35 days of age. The functional closure was preceded by enlargement of the subendothelial region, progressive intimal thickening, presence of subendothelial vacuolization and endothelial detachment. There was radial orientation of the subintimal smooth muscle cells and subsequent migration towards the intima. The inner tunica media contained mast cells and areas of cytolysis. Following functional closure, the subendothelial region showed migrating subintimal smooth muscle cells with extensive cytoplasmic processes and, ultrastructurally a fragmented internal elastic lamina. In 15-day-old kids there were prominent, progressively enlarged cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous free, dispersed ribosomes. In kids 19 and 25 days old, there was, additionally, rarefaction of the cell cytoplasm and appearance of intracellular myofibrils and extra cellular collagen in the surrounding amorphous matrix, which culminated in the complete anatomical closure of the DA in 35-day-old kids.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. Adobe Acrobat v.9 was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.Senate Research grant of the University of Pretoria VR01/97.mn201

Exports Trade and Economic Development in Nigeria

Abstract: This study examined the impact of export trade on economic development in Nigeria from 1981 to 2021. The increasing clamour for the diversification of the Nigerian economy from oil and the rising level of unemployment, poverty and price level informed the choice of carrying out this study. To achieve the objectives of the study, data on gross domestic product per capita, non-oil export and oil export was sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and analysed using the Parsimonious Error Correction Model (PECM) after conducting basic analyses like descriptive statistic and unit roots test. The short run results showed that: oil export has positive and significant impact on gross domestic product per capita. Also, non-oil export has positive and significant relationship on gross domestic product per capita. The study also showed that a long run relationship exist amongst gross domestic product per capita, non-oil export and oil export in Nigeria over the period of study. Based on these findings, the study concludes that; the development of Nigerian in terms of gross domestic product per capita was significantly influenced by changes in oil export. Based on the findings it was recommended that; government should ensure oil export revenue is properly utilised. Government should invest more in the real sector to improve non-oil export and improve the well-being of Nigerians. Keywords: Economic development, Export trade, Oil export, Non-oil exports and Parsimonious. Title: Exports Trade and Economic Development in Nigeria Author: Sangoleye Johnson, Ohale Lawrence, Obayori Joseph Bidemi International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics ISSN 2394-7322 Vol. 10, Issue 3, September 2023 - December 2023 Page No: 1-10 Novelty Journals Website: www.noveltyjournals.com Published Date: 21-September-2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8366442 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.noveltyjournals.com/upload/paper/Exports%20Trade%20and%20Economic%20Development%20in%20Nigeria-21092023-5.pdfInternational Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics, ISSN 2394-7322, Novelty Journals, Website: www.noveltyjournals.co

Toxicity of four metals and their mixtures to Pseudomonas fluorescens: An assessment using fixed ratio ray design

The toxicities of binary (Ni(II) + Co(II) and Zn(II) + Cd(II)), ternary (Zn(II) + Cd(II) + Ni(II) and Ni(II) + Co(II) + Cd(II)) and quaternary (Ni(II) + Co(II) + Zn(II) + Cd(II)) mixtures of metal ions to Pseudomonas fluorescens were assessed by using inhibition of dehydrogenase activity as an endpoint. Uniform design concentration ratio (UDCR) and equieffect concentration ratio (EECR) mixtures were designed to evaluate the combined toxicities of these heavy metal ions. All the dose-response relationships of the UDCR and EECR mixtures and the individual metals could be described by logistic function. Toxicities predicted by concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models were compared with the observed toxicities. The CA and IA models predicted similar toxicities of the binary and Zn(II) + Cd(II) + Ni(II) ternary mixtures. Generally, Zn(II) + Cd(II) + Ni(II) ternary mixtures were synergistic while Ni(II) + Co(II) + Cd(II) ternary mixtures were antagonistic. The equieffect and quaternary mixtures were generally synergistic. Synergistic, antagonistic and additive effects of the mixtures are possible from the viewpoint of these analyses

Compositional Evaluation of Raw and Processed Harms (Brachystegia Eurycoma) Seed Flour

Brachystegia eurycoma is predominantly grown in the eastern region of Nigeria. Its seed is used in food majorly as a soup condiment, flavouring agent and soup thickener. The proximate, mineral and amino acid compositions were determined on raw and processed seeds (boiled, fermented and roasted) using standard analytical techniques. The processing methods showed deviations in nutrients from the raw seeds. The crude protein was reduced by the processing methods with exception of roasting method. Crude fat was reduced in all the processing methods in this order: Raw > fermented > roasted > boiled samples. All the processing methods enhanced calcium content in this order: Raw < boiled < fermented < roasted samples. Boiling and fermenting reduced the content of magnesium by 72.6 and 30.2%, respectively while boiling, fermenting and roasting increased potassium content by 124.5, 12.2 and 120.4%, respectively. Generally, all the samples were found to be a good source of essential minerals and harmful heavy metals such as lead, chromium, arsenic and cadmium were not at detectable range of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The amino acid profile revealed that amino acids in fermented sample were better concentrated than that of raw and other processed samples. The total essential amino acids (TEAA) ranged from 28.63 g/100g crude protein in roasted sample to 34.79 g/100g crude protein in fermented sample. The limiting amino acid (LAA) for all the samples was Met + Cys (TSAA)

Comparative Evaluation of Nutritive Value of Okro (Abelmoschus esculentus) and Bush Mango (Irvingia gabonensis) Fruits Grown in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

The proximate, mineral and amino acid compositions of okro (Abelmoschus esculentus) pod and bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis) seed were determined using standard analytical techniques. Moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fibre, protein and carbohydrate (by difference) contents (%) of A. esculentus and I. gabonensis were: 25.9 and 2.1, 9.0 and 11.5, 17.2 and 62.0, 4.3 and 0.9, 21.8 and 7.4, and 21.8 and 26.1, respectively. The most abundant minerals were Ca (170.6 and 431.5 mg/100g sample), K (108.5 and 161.0 mg/100g), Mg (83.6 and 171.1 mg/100g) and Na (88.0 and 113.5 mg/100g), respectively. Generally, the two samples were found to be good sources of essential minerals while harmful metals such as Pb and Cd were not at detection limit of AAS. The levels of Na/K and Ca/P ratios were desirable compared with the recommended values. The amino acid profile revealed that samples of A. esculentus and I. gabonensis contained nutritionally useful quantities of most of the essential amino acids with total essential amino acids (TEAA) of 35.4 and 38.1 g/100g crude protein or 40.6 and 47.8% of the total amino acid (TAA), respectively while the limiting amino acids (LAA) were Val and Thr. The calculated isoelectric points (pI) and predicted protein efficiency ratios (P–PER) were 5.1 and 4.8, 2.5 and 4.1 for A. esculentus and I. gabonensis, respectively. However, dietary formula based on these fruits may require amino acids supplementation. Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus, Irvingia gabonensis, nutritional composition

Deregulation And Appropriate Pricing In The Downstream Sector Of The Nigerian Oil Industry

This work x-rays the pricing of petroleum products in the Nigeria economy. From its findings it is able to establish that the petroleum product pricing has been very eccentric and at variance with what obtains in other countries of the world (both oil producing and non-oil producing). It calls on the government to tread warily, as the socio-economic impact of its pricing policy is widespread and severe on the people and the economy JORIND Vol. 4 (2) 2006: pp. 74-8