Goal management as an attempt to evaluate nature conservation campaigns

This paper reviews international approaches to evaluation research and attempts to apply this to the evaluation of the efficiency of environmental education campaigns in Southern Africa. It discusses the objectives of evaluation, looks into current practices in the evaluation of resident outdoor educational programmes in the USA and describes some methodological implications of evaluation research. A practical model for evaluation research in the field of environmental education is then proposed. This paper concludes with a personal view by the author of how environmental education programmes in Southern Africa should be developed in order to be effectively evaluated

Magneto-Adaptive Surfactants Showing Anti-Curie Behavior and Tunable Surface Tension as Porogens for Mesoporous Particles with 12-Fold Symmetry

Gaining external control over self-organization is of vital importance for future smart materials. Surfactants are extremely valuable for the synthesis of diverse nanomaterials. Their self-assembly is dictated by microphase separation, the hydrophobic effect, and head-group repulsion. It is desirable to supplement surfactants with an added mode of long-range and directional interaction. Magnetic forces are ideal, as they are not shielded in water. We report on surfactants with heads containing tightly bound transition-metal centers. The magnetic moment of the head was varied systematically while keeping shape and charge constant. Changes in the magnetic moment of the head led to notable differences in surface tension, aggregate size, and contact angle, which could also be altered by an external magnetic field. The most astonishing result was that the use of magnetic surfactants as structure-directing agents enabled the formation of porous solids with 12-fold rotational symmetry.publishe