Blood Lipids and Lipoproteins in Soccer Players

本研究の目的は､関連した文献から1)ｻｯｶｰ選手の血清脂質およびﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸ質に関する横断的研究を食事や栄養素等摂取量､肥満､喫煙､ｱﾙｺｰﾙ摂取量､月経周期､競技ﾎﾟｼﾞｼｮﾝなどの潜在的な交絡因子を含めて検討し､2)90分間のｻｯｶｰ競技の血清脂質およびﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸ質に対する急性効果､3)競技者やﾚｸﾘｴｰｼｮﾝとして行っている者の定期的なｻｯｶｰﾄﾚｰﾆﾝｸﾞが血清脂質およびﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸ質に対する効果につい検討することである｡ｻｯｶｰ選手の血中脂質における最も一致した見解は､高比重ﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸｺﾚｽﾃﾛｰﾙ(HDL-C)が対照群よりも高値を示すことである｡血中脂質およびﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸ質における90分間のｻｯｶｰの試合の急性効果に関する研究では､特に血漿量の変化を補正する必要がある｡定期的なｻｯｶｰﾄﾚｰﾆﾝｸﾞを行えば､異なる年齢層において総ｺﾚｽﾃﾛｰﾙ､ﾄﾘｸﾞﾘｾﾘﾄﾞ､低比重ﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸｺﾚｽﾃﾛｰﾙ(LDL-C)を減少させ､HDL-C を増加させることができる｡訓練していない男女のﾚｸﾘｴｰｼｮﾝとしてのｻｯｶｰﾄﾚｰﾆﾝｸﾞにおける血中脂質への効果に関する最も一致した見解は､LDL-C および/または LDL-C/ HDL-C 比が低下することである｡ｻｯｶｰ選手における血中脂質およびﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸ質の変化は､ﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸ質ﾘﾊﾟｰｾﾞ､ﾚｼﾁﾝ:ｺﾚｽﾃﾛｰﾙｱｼﾙﾄﾗﾝｽﾌｪﾗｰｾﾞおよび肝性ﾘﾊﾟｰｾﾞの活性ﾚﾍﾞﾙの変化によるものである可能性が考えられる｡ｻｯｶｰ選手における今後の研究は､血中脂質およびﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸ質が変化するﾒｶﾆｽﾞﾑに向けられる必要がある｡これらの研究では特に知見が不足している女性や青年､若年成人に焦点を当てるべきである｡The purpose of this study was to review the related literature to examine: 1) cross-sectional studies on serum lipids and lipoproteins in soccer players in the context of the potentially confounding factors such as dietary and nutritional intakes, obesity, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, menstrual cycle, and playing positions in soccer, 2) acute effects of 90-min soccer match, and 3) effects of regular soccer training on lipid parameters in competitive and recreational soccer players. The most consistent observation regarding cross-sectional studies on lipid profile in soccer players is significantly higher high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) than the controls. Research on the acute effects of 90-min of soccer match on the blood lipids and lipoproteins needs further attention, particularly it should correct plasma volume shifts. Participation in regular soccer training could decrease total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and increase HDL-C in soccer players of different age groups. The most consistent observation regarding effects of recreational soccer training on lipid profile in both untrained men and women is significantly lowered LDL-C and / or LDL-C / HDL-C ratio. The changes in lipids and lipoproteins in soccer players could be caused by changes in activity levels of lipoprotein lipase, lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, and hepatic lipase. Future research investigating blood lipids and lipoproteins in soccer players should direct research towards the underlying mechanisms for changes in blood lipids and lipoproteins. These studies should, in particular, focus on women, adolescents and young adults since there is a paucity of information in the literature in this area

Early and long?term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer in a large patient series

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) enables the curative resection of early gastric cancer (EGC); however, little information is available on the long-term outcomes of ESD. This study was conducted to clarify the clinical outcomes of a large number of patients with EGC who underwent ESD. The early outcomes were assessed in 1,209 patients and the long-term outcomes were assessed in 300 patients at a follow-up >5 years after the ESD procedure. The overall survival rates were compared between indication and expanded-indication groups, and between the patients who did or did not undergo additional surgery in an out-of-indication group. Overall survival rates were also compared among different age groups. In total, 617 lesions were classed as the indication group, 507 as the expanded-indication group and 208 as the out-of-indication group. Curative resection rates were 96.6% and 91.5% in the indication and expanded-indication groups, respectively. In terms of the long-term outcomes, 20 of the 146 patients in the indication group, 15 of the 105 patients in the expanded-indication group and one of the 23 patients who underwent additional surgery in the out-of-indication group succumbed due to causes other than gastric cancer. Among the 26 patients who did not undergo additional surgery in the out-of-indication group, 10 mortalities occurred, including one due to gastric cancer. The five-year survival rates were not significantly different between the indication and expanded-indication groups. In the out-of-indication group, the five-year survival rate for the patients who did not undergo additional surgery (65.0%) was significantly lower than that for those who did undergo additional surgery (100%) (P80 years (67.1%) was significantly lower than that of the younger patients (<60 years, 91.6%; sixties, 93.0%; seventies, 84.5%) (P<0.0001). In conclusion, although expanded-indication of ESD for EGC is appropriate, comorbidities require consideration in elderly patients

大学女子ﾊﾞﾚｰﾎﾞｰﾙ選手の栄養素等摂取状況および身体的特徴

本研究は大学女子ﾊﾞﾚｰﾎﾞｰﾙ部員33名を対象に栄養素等摂取状況および身体的特徴を調査することを目的とした｡ﾊﾞﾚｰ群の平均ｴﾈﾙｷﾞｰ摂取量は 1,708±425kcal､炭水化物平均摂取量は 3.9±1.3g/kg､たんぱく質平均摂取量は 0.9±0.2g/kg であった｡炭水化物およびたんぱく質摂取量は低く､ｴﾈﾙｷﾞｰの摂取不足が推定された｡ﾋﾞﾀﾐﾝおよびﾐﾈﾗﾙでは､ﾋﾞﾀﾐﾝ B1､B2 を除いて､食事摂取基準の推定平均必要量を下回っていた｡また､本研究のﾊﾞﾚｰ群の平均体脂肪率は21.1±5.2%であった｡今後は除脂肪量の減少と体脂肪量の増加が起こらないように､対象者の身体状況の変化を確認しながら､栄養教育を行っていく必要があると思われる｡The purpose of this study was to collect data on nutrient intakes and body characteristics of 33 female college volleyball players. The mean energy, carbohydrate(kg-1･day-1), and protein(kg-1･day-1)intakes were 1,708±425kcal, 3.9±1.3g･kg-1･day-1, and 0.9±0.2g･kg-1･day-1, respectively. It was suggested that the mean energy intake was inadequate, because the mean carbohydrate(kg-1･day-1)and protein(kg-1･day-1)intakes were low. The mean intakes of vitamins and minerals were lower than the estimated average requirement, except vitamin B1 and B2. The mean percentage of body fat was 21.1±5.2%. The results of this study suggest that it is necessary to implement nutrition education as well as monitor changes in the players\u27body composition to prevent a decrease in free fat mass and an increase in fat mass

大学男女空手道選手の栄養素等摂取状況および身体的特徴

本研究の目的は､ﾄｯﾌﾟﾚﾍﾞﾙの大学空手道選手を男女別に分類し､栄養素等摂取状況､身体的特徴について検討することである｡対象はN大学空手道部員22名(男子13名､女子9名)と習慣的な運動を有さない男女大学生27名(男子7名､女子20名)である｡空手群はｺﾝﾄﾛｰﾙ群に比較して､男女共に body mass index(BMI)と除脂肪量(LBM)が有意に高く､女子群は身長､体重､体脂肪量､腹囲も有意に高かった｡適正量に対する栄養素等摂取量の割合は､女子群がﾋﾞﾀﾐﾝ B1､B2 を除いて適正量を満たしておらず､男子群においてはどの項目も満たしていなかった｡肉類以外のたんぱく質源(豆類､魚介類､卵類)は､それぞれの目標量を50%も満たしておらず､たんぱく質源の摂取に偏りがみられた｡The aim of this study was to examine the nutrient intake and anthropometric characteristics of top-class university karate athletes by gender. The study involved 22 karate athletes(13 men and 9 women)who participated in N university student karate club and 27 university students(7 men and 20 women)without exercise habits. Both men and women in the karate group had a significantly higher body mass index(BMI)and lean body mass(LBM)than those in the control group, and the female athletes had a significantly greater height, body weight, fat mass, and waist circumference than their counterparts. When examined as a percentage of the dietary reference intake(DRI), nutrient intake of the female athletes did not meet the DRIs for all nutrients except for vitamins B1 and B2, while the male athletes failed to achieve the DRIs for all nutrients. These athletes had less than 50% of the target intake of non-meat protein sources(beans, fish/seafood, and eggs), indicating an unbalanced intake of different sources of protein

Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Contributes to Tone Generation in Porcine Lower Esophageal Sphincter Via Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a major physiologic gastrotransmitter. Its role in the regulation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function remains unknown. The present study addresses this question. Methods: Isometric contraction was monitored in circular smooth muscle strips of porcine LES. Changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and force were simultaneously monitored in fura-2-loaded strips with front-surface fluorometry. The contribution of endogenous H2S to LES contractility was investigated by examining the effects of inhibitors of H2S-generating enzymes, including cystathionine-β-synthase, cystathionine-γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, on the LES function. Results: Porcine LES strips myogenically maintained a tetrodotoxin-resistant basal tone. Application of AOA (cystathionine-β-synthase inhibitor) or L-aspartic acid (L-Asp; 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase inhibitor) but not DL-PAG (cystathionine-γ-lyase inhibitor), decreased this basal tone. The relaxant effects of AOA and L-Asp were additive. Maximum relaxation was obtained by combination of 1 mM AOA and 3 mM L-Asp. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that cystathionine-β-synthase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, but not cystathionine-γ-lyase, were expressed in porcine LES. AOA+L-Asp–induced relaxation was accompanied by a decrease in [Ca2+]i and inversely correlated with the extracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]o) (25-137.4 mM), indicating involvement of an Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. The reduction in the basal [Ca2+]i level by AOA was significantly augmented in the antral smooth muscle sheets of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice. Conclusions: Endogenous H2S regulates the LES myogenic tone by maintaining the basal [Ca2+]i via Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. H2S-generating enzymes may be a potential therapeutic target for esophageal motility disorders, such as achalasia