Counseling Improves Anemia Prevention Behavior of Pregnant Women

Introduction: Pregnancy closely associated with anemia, where the condition of mothers with Hb under 11gr% in 1st and 3rd trimester or Haemoglobin (Hb) levels below 10.5 g% in 2nd trimester. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of pregnant women on preventing anemia during pregnancy is one of the factors that influence incidence of anemia which affects the health of babies. Objective of this study was to explain the effect of counseling toward anemia prevention behaviour (knowledge, attitude, practice) of pregnant women. Method: A pre-experimental (one group pretest-posttest) simple random sampling design was used in this study. Population of this study was all pregnant women in Mrs. Wolita midwife practice Surabaya ( as many as 30 pregnant women a month). Sample of these 28 pregnant women were recruited over period of this study. Independent variable was counseling, while the dependent variable were knowledge, attitudes and practice. Data were collected by using questionnaires and analyzed with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with significance level of α ≤0.05. Result: The result showed that counseling effected behaviour (knowledge, attitude and practice) of pregnant women on anemia prevention with significance level p=0.000 (knowledge); p=0.007 (attitude) and p=0.027 (practice). Analysis: It can be concluded that counseling or health education about prevention of pregnancy anemia is needed for pregnant women. Discussion: It is recomended that regular counseling must be provided by counselor to prevent anemia during pregnancy. Haemoglobin of pregnant women should also be checked regularly in the midwife practices, as a first step effort to decrease the incidence of anemia in pregnant women

Development Module of Acid Base Based on Multiple Representations

Chemistry is one of knowledges that learn abstract phenomena and difficult to understand by students generally and chemical learning at this momen only in makroscopic and symbolic dimension, whereas submicroscopic often deserted. The research aim to develop module of multiple representation based on the acid base material.Method used on this research is research and development (R & D) according to Sukmadinata (2009). But on this research, step only arrive to step of main product revision. Research and development on this research have three steps. There are step 1st) needs analysis that consist of literature study and field study, step 2nd ) planning and development that consist of planning preliminary product, develop preliminary product,validation, and preliminary product revision, step 3th) preliminary field test, and main product revision.Results of this research is development module of acid-base based on multiple representations  which have characteristic: 1) module refers to the SK and KD, 2) material packaged in units of learning activities, modules arranged in a systematic and attractive, giving rise to interest in reading to students, 3) the material presented in the modules developed chemical, described by multiple representations, 4) accompanied by examples and illustrations that support the material, 5) the language used is simple and communicative, 6) have level of contents suitability is very high that is 82 % and have level of aspects graph 86,35 % according to teacher, also have high level of legibilityt is high that is 79,26% according students

Pengaruh Komunikasi Interpersonal Mahasiswa Dan Dosen Pembimbing Skripsi Terhadap Gejala Stres Mahasiswa Dalam Menyusun Skripsi

This study was conducted to determine the influence of interpersonal communication between students and the thesis supervisor students in the stress symptoms thesis. Based on initial observations on Communication department students of Dehasen University year 2010, of the 62 students who have submitted a title and run the thesis counseling process, only 29 students managed to reach the stage of proposal examination. One of the obstacles faced by students is the lack of good interpersonal communication so that interpersonal relationships are not well established. This research is a quantitative descriptive. Sample set by using purposive sampling of the students of Communication Department who were working on thesis, that is 38 students. The results showed that interpersonal communication between students and thesis supervisor has not been effective so that the discussion does not go well. The ineffectiveness of communication activities lead students to experience stress symptoms so that interfere the completion of thesis writing

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA DI FEDERAL INTERNASIONAL FINANCE GROUP ENDE

This stiudy aims to determine to human resources development strategy at PT. Federal International Finance Group Ende. By analyzing the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats that the company has. The type of research used is descriptivw qualitative, data analysis technique used are SWOT matrix, SWOT analysis, Internal Factor Analysis Strategy, and  External Factor Analysis Strategy. The population studied was PT. Federal International Finance Group Ende with a total of 20 employees, and the number of respondents taken as many as 10 people. From the calculation of the EFAS table the opportunity is greater than the threat so that the point is in the I quardant. The results show that the human resource development strategy at Federal International Finance Group sharing can help employee. Also, a good management system can support human resources who are still fresh to be educated so that they can have the ability to be more competent

Synthetic long oligonucleotides to generate artificial templates for use as positive controls in molecular assays: drug resistance mutations in influenza virus as an example

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Positive controls are an integral component of any sensitive molecular diagnostic tool, but this can be affected, if several mutations are being screened in a scenario of a pandemic or newly emerging disease where it can be difficult to acquire all the necessary positive controls from the host. This work describes the development of a synthetic oligo-cassette for positive controls for accurate and highly sensitive diagnosis of several mutations relevant to influenza virus drug resistance.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using influenza antiviral drug resistance mutations as an example by employing the utility of synthetic paired long oligonucleotides containing complementary sequences at their 3' ends and utilizing the formation of oligonucleotide dimers and DNA polymerization, we generated ~170bp dsDNA containing several known specific neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) resistance mutations. These templates were further cloned and successfully applied as positive controls in downstream assays.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This approach significantly improved the development of diagnosis of resistance mutations in terms of time, accuracy, efficiency and sensitivity, which are paramount to monitoring the emergence and spread of antiviral drug resistant influenza strains. Thus, this may have a significantly broader application in molecular diagnostics along with its application in rapid molecular testing of all relevant mutations in an event of pandemic.</p

Revolatilisation of soil-accumulated pollutants triggered by the summer monsoon in India

Persistent organic pollutants that have accumulated in soils can be remobilised by volatilisation in response to chemical equilibrium with the atmosphere. Clean air masses from the Indian Ocean, advected with the onset of the summer monsoon, are found to reduce concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its derivatives, endosulfan and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in air at a mountain site (all in the range 5–20&thinsp;pg&thinsp;m−3) by 77&thinsp;%, 70&thinsp;%, 82&thinsp;% and 45&thinsp;%, respectively. The analysis of fugacities in soil and air suggest that the arrival of summer monsoon triggers net volatilisation or enhances ongoing revolatilisation of the now-banned chemicals HCH and PCBs from background soils in southern India. The response of the air–soil exchange was modelled using a regional air pollution model, WRF-Chem PAH/POP. The results suggest that the air is increasingly polluted during transport by the south-westerly monsoon winds across the subcontinent. Using a multidecadal multimedia mass balance model, it is found that air–surface exchange of HCH and DDT have declined since the ban of these substances from agriculture, but remobilisation of higher chlorinated PCBs may have reached a historical high, 40 years after peak emission.</p

The RNA Polymerase PB2 Subunit of Influenza A/HongKong/156/1997 (H5N1) Restrict the Replication of Reassortant Ribonucleoprotein Complexes

BACKGROUND: Genetic reassortment plays a critical role in the generation of pandemic strains of influenza virus. The influenza virus RNA polymerase, composed of PB1, PB2 and PA subunits, has been suggested to influence the efficiency of genetic reassortment. However, the role of the RNA polymerase in the genetic reassortment is not well understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here, we reconstituted reassortant ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, and demonstrated that the PB2 subunit of A/HongKong/156/1997 (H5N1) [HK PB2] dramatically reduced the synthesis of mRNA, cRNA and vRNA when introduced into the polymerase of other influenza strains of H1N1 or H3N2. The HK PB2 had no significant effect on the assembly of the polymerase trimeric complex, or on promoter binding activity or replication initiation activity in vitro. However, the HK PB2 was found to remarkably impair the accumulation of RNP. This impaired accumulation and activity of RNP was fully restored when four amino acids at position 108, 508, 524 and 627 of the HK PB2 were mutated. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Overall, we suggest that the PB2 subunit of influenza polymerase might play an important role for the replication of reassortant ribonucleoprotein complexes

Characterization of an Artificial Swine-Origin Influenza Virus with the Same Gene Combination as H1N1/2009 Virus: A Genesis Clue of Pandemic Strain

Pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza virus, derived from a reassortment of avian, human, and swine influenza viruses, possesses a unique gene segment combination that had not been detected previously in animal and human populations. Whether such a gene combination could result in the pathogenicity and transmission as H1N1/2009 virus remains unclear. In the present study, we used reverse genetics to construct a reassortant virus (rH1N1) with the same gene combination as H1N1/2009 virus (NA and M genes from a Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine virus and another six genes from a North American triple-reassortant H1N2 swine virus). Characterization of rH1N1 in mice showed that this virus had higher replicability and pathogenicity than those of the seasonal human H1N1 and Eurasian avian-like swine H1N1 viruses, but was similar to the H1N1/2009 and triple-reassortant H1N2 viruses. Experiments performed on guinea pigs showed that rH1N1 was not transmissible, whereas pandemic H1N1/2009 displayed efficient transmissibility. To further determine which gene segment played a key role in transmissibility, we constructed a series of reassortants derived from rH1N1 and H1N1/2009 viruses. Direct contact transmission studies demonstrated that the HA and NS genes contributed to the transmission of H1N1/2009 virus. Second, the HA gene of H1N1/2009 virus, when combined with the H1N1/2009 NA gene, conferred efficient contact transmission among guinea pigs. The present results reveal that not only gene segment reassortment but also amino acid mutation were needed for the generation of the pandemic influenza virus

Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Isolates from Wild Birds Replicate and Transmit via Contact in Ferrets without Prior Adaptation

Direct transmission of avian influenza viruses to mammals has become an increasingly investigated topic during the past decade; however, isolates that have been primarily investigated are typically ones originating from human or poultry outbreaks. Currently there is minimal comparative information on the behavior of the innumerable viruses that exist in the natural wild bird host. We have previously demonstrated the capacity of numerous North American avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds to infect and induce lesions in the respiratory tract of mice. In this study, two isolates from shorebirds that were previously examined in mice (H1N9 and H6N1 subtypes) are further examined through experimental inoculations in the ferret with analysis of viral shedding, histopathology, and antigen localization via immunohistochemistry to elucidate pathogenicity and transmission of these viruses. Using sequence analysis and glycan binding analysis, we show that these avian viruses have the typical avian influenza binding pattern, with affinity for cell glycoproteins/glycolipids having terminal sialic acid (SA) residues with α 2,3 linkage [Neu5Ac(α2,3)Gal]. Despite the lack of α2,6 linked SA binding, these AIVs productively infected both the upper and lower respiratory tract of ferrets, resulting in nasal viral shedding and pulmonary lesions with minimal morbidity. Moreover, we show that one of the viruses is able to transmit to ferrets via direct contact, despite its binding affinity for α 2,3 linked SA residues. These results demonstrate that avian influenza viruses, which are endemic in aquatic birds, can potentially infect humans and other mammals without adaptation. Finally this work highlights the need for additional study of the wild bird subset of influenza viruses in regard to surveillance, transmission, and potential for reassortment, as they have zoonotic potential