The Human Blockage Impact on ARIS Assisted D2D Communication Systems

Aerial reconfigurable intelligent surface (ARIS), is an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) mounted by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), represent a promising candidate for assisting device to device (D2D) millimeter wave (mmWave) communication in temporal and urgent situations, e.g., open-air events. IRS can efficiently mitigate the high blockage impact on mmWave propagation signal in base station to device use case. But, the scenario of D2D communication is different as both the transmitter (TX) to ARIS and the ARIS to receiver (RX) links are highly susceptible to be blocked due to the low height of the TX and RX. Consequently, in this paper, the impact of human bodies blockage on ARIS aided D2D mmWave communication is studied. Firstly, we assure the effectiveness of using ARIS in this network to significantly enhance its performance, then, the effect of ARIS height on the blockage occurrence and system performance is investigated to find out the optimum height. Our results proves that ARIS highly mitigates the blockage, reduces it by 85%, comparable to the case without it. Moreover, a high increase in system spectral efficiency, 1.2 bps/Hz, can be guaranteed, if ARIS is configured at optimum height

RXs Directions based Codebook Solution for Passive RIS Beamforming

Recently, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has immensely been deployed to overcome blockage issue and widen coverage for enabling superior performance 6G networks. Mainly, systems use RIS as an assistant to redirect the transmitter (TX) incident signal towards the receiver (RX) by configuring RIS elements amplitudes and phase shifts in a passive beamforming (PBF) process. Channel estimation (CE) based PBF schemes achieve optimal performance, but they need high overhead and time consumption, especially with high number of RIS elements. Codebook (CB) based PBF solutions can be alternatives to overcome these issues by only searching through a limited reflection patterns (RPs) and determining the optimal one based on a predefined metric. However, they consume high power and time relevant to the used CB size. In this work, we propose a direction based PBF (D-PBF) scheme, where we aim to map between the RXs directions and the codebook RPs and store this information in an updated database (DB). Hence, if the matching between a coming RX and a particular RP exists, the proposed scheme will directly select this RP to configure the RIS elements, otherwise, it memorizes this codeword for future searching. Finally, if the matching failed, searching through the memorized RPs will be done to find the optimal one, then updating the DB accordingly. After a time period, which depends on the CB size, the DB will converge, and the D-PBF scheme will need no searching to select the optimal RP. Hence, the proposed scheme needs extremely lower overhead, power, and time comparable to the CE and conventional CB based solutions, while obtaining acceptable performance in terms of effective rate

Radio Propagation Environment Analysis for Neutrino Radio Detection in Salt Mines

Abstract a We consider a neutrino large-scale radio Cherenkov observatory in a Romanian salt mine. We include propagation effects on the radio signal generated and make a threshold analysis, taking into account how the pulse couples to a realistic receiver and signal-to-noise ratio limiting situations

A Bioinspired Test Generation Method Using Discretized and Modified Bat Optimization Algorithm

The process of software development is incomplete without software testing. Software testing expenses account for almost half of all development expenses. The automation of the testing process is seen to be a technique for reducing the cost of software testing. An NP-complete optimization challenge is to generate the test data with the highest branch coverage in the shortest time. The primary goal of this research is to provide test data that covers all branches of a software unit. Increasing the convergence speed, the success rate, and the stability of the outcomes are other goals of this study. An efficient bioinspired technique is suggested in this study to automatically generate test data utilizing the discretized Bat Optimization Algorithm (BOA). Modifying and discretizing the BOA and adapting it to the test generation problem are the main contributions of this study. In the first stage of the proposed method, the source code of the input program is statistically analyzed to identify the branches and their predicates. Then, the developed discretized BOA iteratively generates effective test data. The fitness function was developed based on the program’s branch coverage. The proposed method was implemented along with the previous one. The experiments’ results indicated that the suggested method could generate test data with about 99.95% branch coverage with a limited amount of time (16 times lower than the time of similar algorithms); its success rate was 99.85% and the average number of required iterations to cover all branches is 4.70. Higher coverage, higher speed, and higher stability make the proposed method suitable as an efficient test generation method for real-world large software

Cooperation scenarios in multi-agent water monitoring platform

Monitoring as well as achieving related water quality goals for rivers is a challenge on several scales of both space and time. There are several factors influencing the most effective actions to implement, when it comes to water quality. Collecting water quality data can be challenging and expensive as maintaining specialized equipment can raise costs over time. Within the MultiMonD2 project, a multi-agent platform of micro-laboratories specialized in the water quality monitoring of the Danube river and Delta is being developed. Aerial and surface water vectors are used as carrier systems for sensor-based detection equipment along with a technical solution that allows the cooperation between the robotic vectors. To this end the paper presents architectural solutions for realizing the multi-agent monitoring platform as well as analyzes different possible scenarios for cooperation between aerial and surface water vector

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file