Determinants of Successful Implementation of Early Childhood Development Education by County Governments in Kenya; Implementing Partners Perspective

The purpose of this study was to assess the determinants of successful implementation of Early Childhood Development Education (ECDE) by County Governments in Kenya from the implementing partners‟ perspective. This study was guided by the following specific objectives: to determine the influence of the capacities of the County Government staff on the implementation of early childhood development education by County Governments in Kenya, to determine the how management of early childhood development education affects its implementation by County Governments in Kenya, to assess how availability of physical facilities affect the implementation of early childhood development education by County Governments in Kenya and to examine how policies affect the implementation of early childhood development education by County Governments in Kenya. Decentralization theory and organization learning theory were used to explain the relationship between the study variables. Descriptive research design was used in the study. The population for the study was implementing partners working with County Governments in Kenya to support ECDE. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the respondents to participate in the study. A total of 100 respondents were targeted from the 10 organizations studied out of which 70 participated giving a response rate of 70%. Questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. Both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques were used to analyze the data. The study found that the implementation of ECDE by County governments in Kenya was generally successful from the implementing partners‟ perspective and indicated by 56.8%. It is also worth noting that beside the general success, there were myriads of challenges facing the implementation of the program by county governments. Findings from regression analysis showed that the coefficient of determination indicated that 63.5% of the variations on the implementation of ECDE by county governments can be explained by staff capacity, management of ECDE, availability of physical facilities and ECDE policies. The remaining 36.5% can be explained by other variables not included in the study. R square and adjusted R is above average an implication that an above average variation can be explained by the model. The study recommended that county governments should allocate more funds for the renovation and construction of more ECDE centres, allocate adequate funds for the implementation of ECDE and that they should organize consistent in-service training for ECDE teachers and at the same time employ more ECDE staff to cater for the large number of children in ECDE centres.

Revitalising African agriculture through innovative business models and organisational arrangements : promising developments in the traditional crops sector.

Within the last four years, a number of high profile reports outlining new strategies for pulling African agriculture out of its current impasse have emerged. These include the Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme of NEPAD, and the InterAcademy Council Report commissioned by UN Secretary General Koffi Annan. Whilst these strategies are a welcome improvement on those that have characterised African agriculture in the past, it is argued here that like their predecessors, they fail to focus on business-competitive approaches as an integral part of the reform package needed to stimulate African agricultural productivity and development. This paper draws on innovation, business and organisation literature to highlight some of these approaches. It focuses on three concepts : value innovation, lead user focus and organisational value logic

Invertebrate communities in northern Lake Victoria, with reference to their potential for fishery production

The zooplankton and macrobenthic communities of Lake Victoria were sampled by lift net and Ponar grab, respectively. The zooplankton comprised copepods and cladocerans, rotifers and aquatic insect larvae. Most taxa exhibited wide distribution in the lake, with the exception of rotifers which were rare in deep offshore waters. The main components in the macro-benthos were chaoborid and chironomid larvae and molluscs. Caridina nilotica (Roux) and other groups were rare in the samples. Zooplankton density ranged from 100000 or more to 4 million ind. m2 and increased from the shallow inshore to deep offshore waters. Numerical dominance of cyclopoids and nauplius larvae was a common feature at all stations sampled. Most macrobenthic taxa were also widely distributed, although chaoborid and chironomid larvae were rare in the samples. Rastrineobola argentea (Pellegrin) and larval Lates niloticus (L.) ate mainly cyclopoid copepods, while cichlids showed a strong preference for adult insects. High ecological stability of the cyclopoids, and the zooplankton community in general, despite radical ecosystem changes in recent years, coupled with what appears to be high predation pressure, offers good prospects for the pelagic fishery in the lake

Calibration and Validation of A Shared space Model: A Case Study

Shared space is an innovative streetscape design that seeks minimum separation between vehicle traffic and pedestrians. Urban design is moving toward space sharing as a means of increasing the community texture of street surroundings. Its unique features aim to balance priorities and allow cars and pedestrians to coexist harmoniously without the need to dictate behavior. There is, however, a need for a simulation tool to model future shared space schemes and to help judge whether they might represent suitable alternatives to traditional street layouts. This paper builds on the authors’ previously published work in which a shared space microscopic mixed traffic model based on the social force model (SFM) was presented, calibrated, and evaluated with data from the shared space link typology of New Road in Brighton, United Kingdom. Here, the goal is to explore the transferability of the authors’ model to a similar shared space typology and investigate the effect of flow and ratio of traffic modes. Data recorded from the shared space scheme of Exhibition Road, London, were collected and analyzed. The flow and speed of cars and segregation between pedestrians and cars are greater on Exhibition Road than on New Road. The rule-based SFM for shared space modeling is calibrated and validated with the real data. On the basis of the results, it can be concluded that shared space schemes are context dependent and that factors such as the infrastructural design of the environment and the flow and speed of pedestrians and vehicles affect the willingness to share space

Productive water uses at household level in rural Kenya: case study of the Ukambani district

As a result of the growing world population and enhanced by the rising of living standards, competition for water is growing and this causes increased pressure on water resources worldwide. This tendency gave rise to the development of the integrated water resources management approach (IWRM), acknowledging the need to manage water resources in a holistic and integrated way. The IWRM objective to optimize economic, social and environmental outcomes of water management, can however only be reached if impact of water uses is correctly assessed. Nevertheless, often multiple uses of water within sectors are insufficiently recognized in planning and management. One of these neglected uses is the productive water use by households. Nonetheless, this use is extremely important to the livelihood of the poor, especially in the vast semi-arid rural areas of the developing world. An adequate evaluation of this use will not only help to improve outcome of water management, but will also add to the goal of poverty reduction. In this study, the role of productive water use for the rural community of the Ukambani district in Kenya was monitored, thereby focusing on income contributions and improvements in nutritional status

Effects of operational factors on organizational performance in Kenyan insurance industry

Performance of insurance firms has largely been influenced by operational factors. Insurance firms have continually performed poorly in the Kenyan market since 1985. So far, there is still limited information as regards this trend. The objective of the study was to establish the extent to which operational factors affect the performance of insurance firms. The study adopted a descriptive census survey design. The study location was in Nairobi and the population consisted of 40 registered insurance companies as at August 2010. Reliability of the results was determined by the test-retest approach. Validity of the research instrument was established by using two firms outside the target population. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The hypothesis was tested using simple regression coefficient at 95% confidence level. The study revealed that operational factors have no relationship with organizational performance

A spatial and temporal analysis of seat-belt usage and seat-belt laws

Seat-belt usage has increased significantly in the US since the introduction of mandatory seat-belt usage laws in the 1980`s. This paper analyzes the impact of these laws on increasing seat-belt usage while controlling for other state-specific variables. Spatial analyses techniques are employed to further explain these effects. Spatial autocorrelation is found in the data but diminishes over time. Spatial correlation also exhibits a clear east-west direction. Results clearly show that both secondary and primary seat-belt laws have been effective at increasing seat-belt usage. In addition, our spatial analysis suggests that these effects cross state boundaries, implying an even larger level of effectiveness than direct measurement would suggest. Despite this some unexplained spatial correlation remains.

Solid sample introduction by Slurry Nebulization ICP-OES for determination of PGMs,gold and base metals in different matrices

Student Number : 0006342N - PhD thesis - School of Chemistry - Faculty of ScienceAn improved slurry method for determination of PGMs, gold and base metals (Ni, Cu, Fe and Co) using ICP-OES analytical instrument has been developed. This method has been successfully applied to quantitate metals in mineral concentrates and biological samples (grass, lichens, leaves and tree trunks) and validated using analytical figure of merit that include limits of detection, limits of quantition, accuracy and precision. Sample grinding using Fritsch GmbH Pulverissette Planetary Mono Mill was optimized to get > 60% and >80% of the particles to < 5.0 μm and < 10 μm respectively. The optimum grinding conditions for a sample mass of 0.4 g was determined as 130 rpm grinding speed and 30 minutes grinding time. An additional 15 minutes mixing with reagent was employed to ensure better slurry homogeneity for improved precisions. Five slurry dispersants; tetrasodium pyrophosphate, Triton X-100, dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt, potassium cyanide and potassium thiocyanate, were evaluated at varied concentrations and 0.1% v/v Triton X-100 established as the best dispersant for slurry preparation. The ICP-OES sample delivery system was modified by introducing an extension elbow between the torch and the spray chamber that not only effectively reduced the sample residence time in the plasma for efficient atomization of the particles but also acted as a gravitational sieve eliminating larger particles and droplets. Prepared slurries were continuously agitated using an ultrasonic bath prior to and during aspiration into ICP-OES to prevent sedimentation and ensure constant stability of the slurry. Optimum operating conditions for ICP-OES established as 1600 W and 1450 W plasma power for PGMs and base metals respectively, using a nebulizer flow rate of 0.8 mL min-1, coolant gas flow rate of 13.0 mL min-1, auxiliary gas flow rate of 1.0 L min-1 with a sample uptake rate of 0.2 mL min-1. Limits of detection for the developed technique were determined in μg g-1 as 0.075, 0.039, 0.115, 0.071, 0.035 and 0.118 for Au, Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh and Ru respectively and 0.15, 0.391, 0.345 and 0.217 for Ni, Cu, Fe and Co respectively. Limits of quantitation in μg g-1 were obtained as 0.250, 0.130, 0.383, 0.237, 0.117 and 0.393 for Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh and Ru respectively and 0.5, 1.31, 1.15 and 0.723 for Ni, Cu, Fe and Co respectively. Good accuracy was recorded for all the base metals as well as for the platinum group metals and gold except iridium that was susceptible to copper interference. Two measurements of precision, reproducibility and repeatability were assessed. Reproducibility was obtained in percentages as 12, 7.93, 5.54, 10 and 12 for Au, Pd, Pt, Rh and Ru respectively and 9.9, 10, 9.8 and 10 for Ni, Cu, Fe and Co respectively. Repeatability was obtained in percentages as 11, 7.03, 4.94, 8.08 and 9.85 for Au, Pd, Pt, Rh and Ru respectively and 9.4, 9.6, 9.7 and 10 for Ni, Cu, Fe and Co respectively. Good percentage recoveries were obtained of 104.3%, 98.3%, 98%, 90.5% and 92.8% for Au, Pd, Pt, Rh and Ru respectively. Percentage recoveries of 109%, 111%, 89.9% and 100% for Ni, Cu, Fe and Co respectively were obtained. The simplicity and low cost of sample preparation used in this method enables it to be easily adopted in any ICP-OES laboratory. A single analyst may achieve more sample through-puts than before per day (including re-grinding and analysis), resulting in a highly economical and rapid technique for determination of metals

An Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Factors Affecting Aircraft Conflicts Based on Simulation Modelling

The demand for air travel worldwide continues to grow at a rapid rate, especially in Europe and the United States. In Europe, the demand exceeded predictions with a real annual growth of 7.1% in the period 1985-1990, against a prediction of 2.4%. By the year 2010, the demand is expected to double from the 1990 level. Within the UK international scheduled passenger traffic is predicted to increase, on average, by 5.8 per cent per year between 1999 and 2003. The demand has not been matched by availability of capacity. In Western Europe many of the largest airports suffer from runway capacity constraints. Europe also suffers from an en-route airspace capacity constraint, which is determined by the workload of the air traffic controllers, i.e. the physical and mental work that controllers must undertake to safely conduct air traffic under their jurisdiction through en-route airspace. The annual cost to Europe due to air traffic inefficiency and congestion in en-route airspace is estimated to be 5 billion US Dollars, primarily due to delays caused by non-optimal route structures and reduced productivity of controllers due to equipment inefficiencies. Therefore, to in order to decrease the total delay, an increase in en-route capacity is of paramount importance. At a global scale and in the early 1980s, the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) recognised that the traditional air traffic control (ATC) systems would not cope with the growth in demand for capacity. Consequently new technologies and procedures have been proposed to enable ATC to cope with this demand, e.g. satellite-based system concept to meet the future civil aviation requirements for communication, navigation and surveillance/ air traffic management (CNS/ATM). In Europe, the organisation EUROCONTROL (established in 1960 to co-ordinate European ATM) proposed a variety of measures to increase the capacity of en-route airspace. A key change envisaged is the increasing delegation of responsibilities for control to flight crew, by the use of airborne separation assurance between aircraft, leading eventually to ?free flight? airspace. However, there are major concerns regarding the safety of operations in ?free flight? airspace. The safety of such airspace can be investigated by analysing the factors that affect conflict occurrence, i.e. a loss of the prescribed separation between two aircraft in airspace. This paper analyses the factors affecting conflict occurrence in current airspace and future free flight airspace by using a simulation model of air traffic controller workload, the RAMS model. The paper begins with a literature review of the factors that affect conflict occurrence. This is followed by a description of the RAMS model and of its use in this analysis. The airspace simulated is the Mediterranean Free Flight region, and the major attributes of this region and of the traffic demand patterns are outlined next. In particular a day?s air traffic is simulated in the two airspace scenarios, and rules for conflict detection and resolution are carefully defined. The following section outlines the framework for analysing the output from the simulations, using negative binomial (NB) and generalised negative binomial (GNB) regression, and discusses the estimation methods required. The next section presents the results of the regression analysis, taking into account the spatio-temporal nature of the data. The following section presents an analysis of the spatial and temporal pattern of conflicts in the two airspace scenarios across a day, highlighting possible metrics to indicate this. The paper concludes with future research directions based upon this analysis.

THE EFFECT OF ACUTE THERMAL STRESS ON GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HSP70 IN THE ANTARCTIC NOTOTHENIOID, Notothenia coriiceps

The waters of the West Antarctic Peninsula are known as one of the most cold, stable environments on earth and organisms living within, such as the fish Notothenia coriiceps, have become highly specialized over evolutionary time. However, water temperatures in this environment have been steadily warming over the past two decades due to global climate change. In addition to the challenges created by increasing temperatures N. coriiceps will also be faced with difficulty meeting oxygen demands to carry out metabolic processes due to the decrease solubility of oxygen in warmer environments. Heat stress proteins (Hsps) are critical molecules that assist in intracellular processes. Hsp genes are highly conservative and upregulated in all species. However, it has been shown that many Antarctic organisms are unable to mount a heat shock response (HSR) making them highly vulnerable to the effects of global warming. Previous studies have shown that Hsps are strongly upregulated in the red blood cells (RBCs) of most fish in response to thermal stress, but date the HSR has not been investigated in the red blood cells from Notothenioid fishes. As a point of departure, our study investigated the HSR N. coriiceps red blood cells. Blood was collect from fish exposed to either an elevated, but sub-lethal temperature (4°C; n=8) or ambient conditions (0.5°C). Our results show that transcript for HSP70 is expressed at detachable levels in N. coriiceps erythrocytes. Additional studies analyzing changes in relative mRNA expression as a result of thermal stress are in progress