Optimal Control of Motorway Tidal Flow

When inbound and outbound traffic on a bi-directional motorway is unbalanced throughout the day a lane management strategy called tidal (reversible) flow lane control is usually applied. In this control case, the direction of one or more contraflow buffer lanes is reversed according to the needs of each direction. This paper introduces a basic dynamical model for tidal traffic flow and considers the minimum traveltime, minimum-time, and maximum throughput optimal control problems for efficient motorway tidal flow lane control. Lane management is effectuated by a control variable, indicating the number of lanes opened or closed in each direction of traffic. To derive the analytical form of optimal control, the Pontryagin's maximum principle is employed. The obtained optimal control is intuitively natural of bang-bang type, as also shown in a previous work by the authors [1]. It takes only the values ±1 and switches between these values at most once. In other words, the optimal control strategy consists of switching between opening and closing in each direction of traffic one contraflow buffer lane. Of course it is an open-loop control, and thus the switch time (if applicable) depends on the initial conditions. In the case of the maximum throughput optimal control problem, semi-state feedback control is obtained and singular arcs might exist. Finally, cumulative arrival rate and output curves for both directions of traffic are used to provide a graphical interpretation of the minimum travel-time optimal control problem and obtained bang-bang control

Monitoring the Long Wavelength Transient Sky with the LWA1 Telescope

Radio transient astronomy has received a vastly increasing amount of interest within the last few decades. In this time, several new sources have been discovered and many more have been predicted. These sources are spread throughout the radio spectrum, and many emit strongly within the low frequency (10 - 100 MHz) regime. The first station of the Long Wavelength Array (LWA1) is a compact array of 260 dual polarization dipole antennas operating between 10 and 88 MHz. With good sensitivity, high time and frequency resolution, and an instantaneous field of view up to ~ 20,000 deg2, the LWA1 an ideal instrument for searching for transient phenom- ena. This dissertation presents transient work done with the LWA1, which includes a search for prompt emission from gamma ray bursts as well as a blind search for un- specific transients. These searches resulted in new limits on astronomical transients and the discovery of radio emission from large meteors (fireballs). This dissertation also presents a highly sensitive followup study on the fireball emission, which has yielded new insight into the origin of the emission, suggesting that it is emission of plasma waves within the plasma trail

The Case for Combining a Large Low-Band Very High Frequency Transmitter With Multiple Receiving Arrays for Geospace Research: A Geospace Radar

We argue that combining a high‐power, large‐aperture radar transmitter with several large‐aperture receiving arrays to make a geospace radar—a radar capable of probing near‐Earth space from the upper troposphere through to the solar corona—would transform geospace research. We review the emergence of incoherent scatter radar in the 1960s as an agent that unified early, pioneering research in geospace in a common theoretical, experimental, and instrumental framework, and we suggest that a geospace radar would have a similar effect on future developments in space weather research. We then discuss recent developments in radio‐array technology that could be exploited in the development of a geospace radar with new or substantially improved capabilities compared to the radars in use presently. A number of applications for a geospace radar with the new and improved capabilities are reviewed including studies of meteor echoes, mesospheric and stratospheric turbulence, ionospheric flows, plasmaspheric and ionospheric irregularities, and reflection from the solar corona and coronal mass ejections. We conclude with a summary of technical requirements

The Ultimate Consumer\u27s Attitudes Toward Property Ownership: Conceptual and Empirical Foundations.

T h r o u g h o u t h i s t o r y m a n \u27 s r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h p r o p e r t y h a s b e e n a n i s s u e o f c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n c e r n . C o n s e q u e n t l y , p r o p e r t y r i g h t s h a v e b e e n t h e s u b j e c t o f t h o u g h t i n a m u l t i t u d e o f d i s c i p l i n e s . T h e n a t u r e o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s p e r f o r m e d i n t h e m a r k e t i n g s y s t e m s u g g e s t t h a t m a r k e t i n g s c h o l a r s , c o n s u m e r b e h a v i o r s c h o l a r s , a n d m a r k e t i n g p r a c t i t i o n e r s a r e i n e v i t a b l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y i s s u e . T h e c o n c e p t o f p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y h a s e v o l v e d t h r o u g h o u t h i s t o r y , a n d e v i d e n c e e x i s t s w h i c h s u g g e s t s t h a t i t c o n t i n u e s t o e v o l v e . T h i s s t u d y i n c l u d e d a r e v i e w o f r e l e v a n t l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n i n g h i s t o r i c a l a n d c u r r e n t c o n c e p t s o f p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y , a n d a n e m p i r i c a l a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y c o n s u m e r \u27 s c o n c e p t o f p r o p e r t y . I n r e c e n t y e a r s , a n u m b e r o f s c h o l a r s h a v e a d v o c a t e d a d e m i s e i n t h e c o n s u m e r \u27 s p r o p e n s i t i e s t o o w n p r o p e r t y . Y e t i t i s e v i d e n t t h a t t h e m a r k e t i n g d i s c i p l i n e i s s o m e w h a t p r e o c c u p i e d w i t h t h e t r a n s f e r - o f - o w n e r s h i p m e t h o d o f a f f e c t i n g c o n s u m p t i o n . I n g e n e r a l , t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h i s s t u d y w a s t o p r o v i d e m a r k e t i n g a n d c o n s u m e r b e h a v i o r s c h o l a r s a n d m a r k e t i n g p r a c t i t i o n e r s w i t h e m p i r i c a l f o u n d a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e c o n s u m e r \u27 s o w n e r s h i p p r o p e n s i t i e s . T h e p r o b l e m o f t h e s t u d y w a s t o d i s c e r n t h e u l t i m a t e c o n s u m e r \u27 s a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d p r o p e r t y o w n e r s h i p , t h e xi d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e o f t h e s t u d y , a n d t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h o s e a t t i t u d e s d i f f e r e d a m o n g c o n s u m e r s p o s s e s s i n g d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , w i t h r e s p e c t t o c e r t a i n i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . T h o s e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s i n c l u d e d w e r e h o m e o w n e r s h i p v e r s u s n o n - h o m e o w n e r s h i p , a g e , e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t , i n c o m e , o c c u p a t i o n a l s t a t u s , m o b i l i t y , p a s t l e a s i n g - r e n t a l e x p e r i e n c e , a n d l i f e c y c l e s t a g e . T h e i n c l u s i o n o f f i v e o f t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s w a s , i n p a r t , b a s e d u p o n p r o p o s i t i o n s a d v a n c e d i n r e l e v a n t r e l a t e d l i t e r a t u r e . T h e r e s e a r c h w a s c o n d u c t e d i n t h e A t l a n t a , G e o r g i a M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a . A m a i l e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e y i e l d e d 2 4 7 o b s e r v a t i o n s o f o w n e r s h i p a t t i t u d e a n d r e l e v a n t i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . A l e a s t s q u a r e s a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e p r o c e d u r e w a s u t i l i z e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e m a i n e f f e c t t h a t e a c h i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e h a d u p o n o w n e r s h i p a t t i t u d e s , a n d t h e i n t e r a c t i o n e f f e c t s t h a t 1 6 c o m b i n a t i o n s o f i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s h a d u p o n o w n e r s h i p a t t i t u d e s . I t w a s g e n e r a l l y d i s c e r n e d t h a t a l t h o u g h r e s p o n d e n t s m o d e r a t e l y f a v o r e d p r o p e r t y o w n e r s h i p , a s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r o f c o n s u m e r s e x i s t e d w h o e x h i b i t e d p r o p e n s i t i e s t o d i s f a v o r o w n e r s h i p . T h o s e r e s p o n d e n t s w h o r e n t t h e i r r e s i d e n c e s e x h i b i t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r p r o p e n s i t i e s t o o w n p r o p e r t y t h a n d i d h o m e o w n e r s ; a n d s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n o w n e r s h i p a t t i t u d e s w e r e p r o d u c e d b y t h e h o m e o w n e r s h i p - e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t i n t e r a c t i o n , a n d t h e m o b i l i t y - l i f e c y c l e s t a g e i n t e r a c t i o n . A d d i t i o n a l l y , o n e m a i n e f f e c t a n d s i x i n t e r a c t i o n e f f e c t s a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e , a n d w e r e d e e m e d t o h o l d p r o m i s e f o r f u t u r e r e s e a r c h . F r o m a s y n t h e s i s o f r e l e v a n t c o n c e p t u a l l i t e r a t u r e a n d t h e e m p i r i c a l f i n d i n g s o f t h e s t u d y , i m p l i c a t i o n s a n d c o n c l u s i o n s w e r e d r a w n f o r g e n e r a l m a r k e t i n g t h o u g h t , c o n s u m e r b e h a v i o r t h o u g h t , a n d m a r k e t i n g p r a c t i c e . F i n a l l y , d i r e c t i o n s f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h w e r e o f f e r e d