Incidence and severity of cassava mosaic disease in the Republic of Congo

Diagnostic surveys were conducted in 2002 and 2003 in order to provide a comprehensive and detailed assessment of the status of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) in the Republic of Congo (ROC) and to determine if the disease was spreading. In 2002, 105 farmers’ fields were assessed in the four major cassava-producing regions ofthe country. In 2003, 163 fields were sampled in nine regions and Brazzaville Commune. Incidence of cassava mosaic disease was generally high, averaging 80 and 86 % for 2002 and 2003, respectively; while damage was moderate to severe. In 2002, disease incidence was moderate in Pool (73%) but high in Brazzaville (81%),Cuvette Centrale (82%) and in Plateaux Region (84%). Pool region still had the lowest incidence (78%) in 2003, while Sangha (95%) had the highest incidence. The greatest disease severity was recorded in Niari region in the south and Cuvette Ouest region in the north in 2003. East African cassava mosaic virus Uganda variant (EACMVUG) occurred virtually throughout the country, commonly in dual infections with African cassava mosaic virus. The high incidence of disease in plants considered to be the results of cutting infection (74% in 2002 and 82% in 2003), relatively low incidence of disease in plants considered to be infected by whiteflies and wide distribution of EACMV-UG points to the fact that the CMD pandemic is a chronic in the country and the areas sampled are currently in a stable post-epidemic phase. This situation is comparable to that in areas of East Africa affected by a pandemic during the 1990s, including Uganda, parts of western Kenya and north-western Tanzania. These findings clearly verify the assertion that the CMD pendemic has expanded across Central Africa and provide abasis for designing interventions and control strategies for the entire region

Incidence and severity of cassava mosaic disease in the Republic of Congo

Diagnostic surveys were conducted in 2002 and 2003 in order to provide a comprehensive and detailed assessment of the status of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) in the Republic of Congo (ROC) and to determine if the disease was spreading. In 2002, 105 farmers’ fields were assessed in the four major cassava-producing regions of the country. In 2003, 163 fields were sampled in nine regions and Brazzaville Commune. Incidence of cassava mosaic disease was generally high, averaging 80 and 86 % for 2002 and 2003, respectively; while damage was moderate to severe. In 2002, disease incidence was moderate in Pool (73%) but high in Brazzaville (81%), Cuvette Centrale (82%) and in Plateaux Region (84%). Pool region still had the lowest incidence (78%) in 2003, while Sangha (95%) had the highest incidence. The greatest disease severity was recorded in Niari region in the south and Cuvette Ouest region in the north in 2003. East African cassava mosaic virus Uganda variant (EACMVUG) occurred virtually throughout the country, commonly in dual infections with African cassava mosaic virus. The high incidence of disease in plants considered to be the results of cutting infection (74% in 2002 and 82% in 2003), relatively low incidence of disease in plants considered to be infected by whiteflies and wide distribution of EACMV-UG points to the fact that the CMD pandemic is a chronic in the country and the areas sampled are currently in a stable post-epidemic phase. This situation is comparable to that in areas of East Africa affected by a pandemic during the 1990s, including Uganda, parts of western Kenya and north-western Tanzania. These findings clearly verify the assertion that the CMD pendemic has expanded across Central Africa and provide a basis for designing interventions and control strategies for the entire region

Incidence and Severity of Cassava Mosaic Disease in the Republic of Congo

Diagnostic surveys were conducted in 2002 and 2003 in order to provide a comprehensive and detailed assessment of the status of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) in the Republic of Congo (ROC) and to determine if the disease was spreading. In 2002, 105 farmers' fields were assessed in the four major cassava-producing regions of the country. In 2003, 163 fields were sampled in nine regions and Brazzaville Commune. Incidence of cassava mosaic disease was generally high, averaging 80 and 86 % for 2002 and 2003, respectively; while damage was moderate to severe. In 2002, disease incidence was moderate in Pool (73%) but high in Brazzaville (81%), Cuvette Centrale (82%) and in Plateaux Region (84%). Pool region still had the lowest incidence (78%) in 2003, while Sangha (95%) had the highest incidence. The greatest disease severity was recorded in Niari region in the south and Cuvette Ouest region in the north in 2003. East African cassava mosaic virus Uganda variant (EACMV-UG) occurred virtually throughout the country, commonly in dual infections with African cassava mosaic virus. The high incidence of disease in plants considered to be the results of cutting infection (74% in 2002 and 82% in 2003), relatively low incidence of disease in plants considered to be infected by whiteflies and wide distribution of EACMV-UG points to the fact that the CMD pandemic is a chronic in the country and the areas sampled are currently in a stable post-epidemic phase. This situation is comparable to that in areas of East Africa affected by a pandemic during the 1990s, including Uganda, parts of western Kenya and north-western Tanzania. These findings clearly verify the assertion that the CMD pendemic has expanded across Central Africa and provide a basis for designing interventions and control strategies for the entire region.Les enquêtes diagnostiques étaient faites en Janvier 2002 et en Février 2003 en vue d'une évaluation compréhensive et détaillée et mettre à la portée de tous les statuts de la maladie mosaïque du manioc (MMM) en République du Congo (RC) et de déterminer si la maladie pouvait se répandre. Pendant la première année, 105 champs de cultivateurs étaient examinés dans les quatre régions produisant le manioc dans le pays. En 2003, un échantillon de 163 champs étaient sélectionnés dans neuf régions y compris la commune de Brazzaville. L'incidence de la MMM était généralement élevée moyennant respectivement 80 et 86% pour l'année 2002 et 2003, pendant que le dommage s'aggraver de plus en plus. En 2002, l'incidence de la maladie était modérée dans la région du Pool (73%) mais élevée en Brazzaville (81%), dans la cuvette centrale (82%) et la région des plateaux (84%). L'incidence dans la région du Pool demeurait encore plus faible (78%) en 2003 pendant que Sangha avait l'incidence plus élevée (95%). En 2003 la plus grande gravité de la maladie était enregistrée dans la région de Niari au Sud et dans la région Ouest de la cuvette au Nord. La variante du virus de la mosaïque du manioc de l'Afrique de l'Est en Ouganda (VVMMAEO) s'était virtuellement manifestée à travers le pays; les infections s'étaient couplées avec le virus de la mosaïque du manioc africain. La grande incidence de la maladie des plantes considérée être les résultats de la contagion des boutures était de 74% en 2002. Relativement, la basse incidence dans les plantes considérées être contaminées par les mouches blanches et la grande part du VVMMAEO était de 82% en 2003. Ceci a abouti à la conclusion selon laquelle la pandémie de la MMM avait contaminé le pays quelques années auparavant et que les régions ayant fait l'objet de l'échantillon sont actuellement dans une phase post-endémique. Cette situation est comparable à celle des régions de l'Afrique de l'Est qui étaient contaminées par une pandémie les années 1990 y compris l'Ouganda, les parties Ouest du Kenya et le Nord- Ouest de la Tanzanie

Difficultés de la prise en charge d’une thrombose veineuse cérébrale (TVC) compliquée d’hémorragie sous arachnoïdienne (HSA) chez le nourrisson: à propos d’un cas

La TVC est rare en général et particulièrement chez l’enfant. La survenue d’une HSA dans ce contexte est une situation très peu fréquente et seuls quelques cas sont rapportés dans la littérature. Sa symptomatologie est variable et souvent trompeuse. Non traitée ou en cas de traitement tardif l’issue peut être fatale ou conduire à des séquelles potentiellement graves. Nous rapportons l’observation d’un nourrisson de 22 mois reçu pour des convulsions avec coma stade II, syndrome d’hypertension intracrânienne et syndrome infectieux. Une septicémie à Pseudomonas spp a était retrouvée à la biologie et le scanner cérébral a permis de poser le diagnostic. Le traitement a été basé sur l’antibiothérapie mais surtout l’anticoagulation. Une nette amélioration clinique a été ainsi notée et le scanner cérébral de contrôle montrait une disparition de la thrombose avec images hémorragiques séquellaires droites. La TVC est une pathologie grave d’origine généralement infectieuse. Le traitement anticoagulant est aujourd’hui sujet à controverse notamment en cas d’hémorragie associée, mais l’expérience clinique serait en faveur de l’efficacité et de l’innocuité de ce traitement.Mots clés: Thrombose veineuse cérébrale, scanner, anticoagulant, enfantEnglish Title: Difficulties in the management of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) complicated by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in infants: about a caseEnglish AbstractCVT is generally rare, particularly among infants. The occurrence of a SAH associated with CVT is very uncommon and only a few cases have been reported in the literature. Symptoms are variable and often misleading. Outcome can be lethal or it can cause potentially severe sequelae if it is not treated or treated late. We report the case of a 22-month old infant examined for convulsions with Stage II coma, intracranial hypertension syndrome and infectious syndrome. Laboratory tests showed pseudomonas spp sepsis and cerebral CT scan allowed the diagnosis. Treatment was based on antibiotic therapy but mainly on anticoagulation therapy. The patient had a significant clinical improvement and follow-up cerebral CT scan showed disappearance of thrombosis with sequellar right hemoragic images. CVT is a severe disease, usually of infectious origin. Anticoagulant therapy is controversial, in particular in patients with associated hemorrhage, but clinical experience supports the effectiveness and safety of this treatment.Keywords: Cerebral venous thrombosis, CT scan, anticoagulant, infan