The T7-Related Pseudomonas putida Phage ϕ15 Displays Virion-Associated Biofilm Degradation Properties

Formation of a protected biofilm environment is recognized as one of the major causes of the increasing antibiotic resistance development and emphasizes the need to develop alternative antibacterial strategies, like phage therapy. This study investigates the in vitro degradation of single-species Pseudomonas putida biofilms, PpG1 and RD5PR2, by the novel phage ϕ15, a ‘T7-like virus’ with a virion-associated exopolysaccharide (EPS) depolymerase. Phage ϕ15 forms plaques surrounded by growing opaque halo zones, indicative for EPS degradation, on seven out of 53 P. putida strains. The absence of haloes on infection resistant strains suggests that the EPS probably act as a primary bacterial receptor for phage infection. Independent of bacterial strain or biofilm age, a time and dose dependent response of ϕ15-mediated biofilm degradation was observed with generally a maximum biofilm degradation 8 h after addition of the higher phage doses (104 and 106 pfu) and resistance development after 24 h. Biofilm age, an in vivo very variable parameter, reduced markedly phage-mediated degradation of PpG1 biofilms, while degradation of RD5PR2 biofilms and ϕ15 amplification were unaffected. Killing of the planktonic culture occurred in parallel with but was always more pronounced than biofilm degradation, accentuating the need for evaluating phages for therapeutic purposes in biofilm conditions. EPS degrading activity of recombinantly expressed viral tail spike was confirmed by capsule staining. These data suggests that the addition of high initial titers of specifically selected phages with a proper EPS depolymerase are crucial criteria in the development of phage therapy

Pharmacy Practice in the Prostějov Region during the Health Care Development Process after the 1989

Pharmacy Practice in the Prostějov Region during the Health Care Development Process after the 1989 Student: Eva Navrátilová Tutor: Doc. PhDr. František Dohnal, CSc. Social and Clinical Pharmacy Department Pharmaceutical Faculty in Hradec Králové The Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic Theme: Pharmacy Practice in the Prostějov Region during the Health Care Development Process after the 1989 Objective: Survey of the history of pharmacies and pharmacists in the Prostějov Region after the 1989 during the health care development process. Methods: Excerption of the availability literature, processing the regional newspapers that were obtained from the Town library in Prostějov and Town archive in Prostějov, the questionnaires, the materials of the district corporation of the pharmacists and interviews with the local pharmacy keepers. Results: Before 1989 in the Prostějov Region there were 12 pharmacies, 6 in the region and 6 in the city of Prostějov. After the 1989 many new pharmacies were established. Some pharmacies have established the OOVL (a small pharmacy by their "mother pharmacy"), their expansion have begun after the 1998. In the city of Prostějov we can find the pharmacies in the supermarkets too. Some historical pharmacies and some new have disappeared because of their competition. In..