1,836 research outputs found
Imaging capability of pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors, AlGaN/GaN, and Si micro-Hall probes for scanning Hall probe microscopy between 25 and 125°C
The authors present a comparative study on imaging capabilities of three different micro-Hall probe sensors fabricated from narrow and wide band gap semiconductors for scanning hall probe microscopy at variable temperatures. A novel method of quartz tuning fork atomic force microscopy feedback has been used which provides extremely simple operation in atmospheric pressures, high-vacuum, and variable-temperature environments and enables very high magnetic and reasonable topographic resolution to be achieved simultaneously. Micro-Hall probes were produced using optical lithography and reactive ion etching process. The active area of all different types of Hall probes were 1Ă1 ”m2. Electrical and magnetic characteristics show Hall coefficient, carrier concentration, and series resistance of the hall sensors to be 10 mOmega/G, 6.3Ă1012 cmâ2, and 12 kOmega at 25 °C and 7 mOmega/G, 8.9Ă1012 cmâ2 and 24 kOmega at 125 °C for AlGaN/GaN two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), 0.281 mOmega/G, 2.2Ă1014 cmâ2, and 139 kOmega at 25 °C and 0.418 mOmega/G, 1.5Ă1014 cmâ2 and 155 kOmega at 100 °C for Si and 5â10 mOmega/G, 6.25Ă1012 cmâ2, and 12 kOmega at 25 °C for pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors (PHEMT) 2DEG Hall probe. Scan of magnetic field and topography of hard disc sample at variable temperatures using all three kinds of probes are presented. The best low noise image was achieved at temperatures of 25, 100, and 125 °C for PHEMT, Si, and AlGaN/GaN Hall probes, respectively. This upper limit on the working temperature can be associated with their band gaps and noise associated with thermal activation of carriers at high temperatures
Variable temperature-scanning hall probe microscopy with GaN/AlGaN two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) micro hall sensors in 4.2-425K range using novel quartz tuning fork AFM feedback
In this report, we present the fabrication and variable temperature (VT) operation of Hall sensors, based on GaN/AlGaN
heterostructure with a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) as an active layer, integrated with Quartz Tuning Fork (QTF) in atomic
force-guided (AFM) scanning Hall probe microscopy (SHPM). Physical strength and wide band gap of GaN/AlGaN heterostructure
makes it a better choice to be used for SHPM at elevated temperatures, compared to other compound semiconductors (AlGaAs/GaAs
and InSb), which are unstable due to their narrower band gap and physical degradation at high temperatures. GaN/AlGaN micro Hall
probes were produced using optical lithography and reactive ion etching. The active area, Hall coefficient, carrier concentration and
series resistance of the Hall sensors were ~14m x 14m, 10m7/G at 4.2K, 6.3 x 10^12cm-2 and 12k7 at room temperature and 7m7/G, 8.9
x 10^12cm-2 and 24k7 at 400K, respectively. A novel method of AFM feedback using QTF has been adopted. This method provides an
advantage over STM feedback, which limits the operation of SHPM the conductive samples and failure of feedback due to high leakage
currents at high temperatures. Simultaneous scans of magnetic and topographic data at various pressures (from atmospheric pressure
to high vacuum) from 4.2K to 425K will be presented for different samples to illustrate the capability of GaN/AlGaN Hall sensors in
VT-SHP
DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE ON FRESH VEGETABLES
Consumer/Household Economics,
EFFECT OF A MASS MERCHANDISER ON TRADITIONAL FOOD RETAILERS
Non-traditional retailers such as warehouse club stores, discount drug stores, and discount mass merchandisers are new competitors for traditional food retailers. It is expected that non-traditional retailers will account for roughly 14 percent of total grocery sales by the turn of the century. The impact of a particular discount mass merchandiser (Wal-Mart) on the sales of a conventional retail grocery outlet (David's Supermarket, Inc.) located in the rural areas surrounding the Dallas/Ft. Worth metroplex is analyzed. In this case study, Wal-Mart alone is responsible for about a 21 percent reduction in sales.Agribusiness,
FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROBABILITY OF CONSUMING FISH AND SHELLFISH IN THE AWAY FROM HOME AND AT HOME MARKETS
Models are developed to measure the effect of socioeconomic factors on the probability of consuming fish and shellfish in both the away from home and at home markets. Factors that significantly affect the likelihood of eating fish and shellfish at home include urbanization, region, race, ethnicity, age, diet status and income. On the other hand, region, employment, diet status, household size, age and income significantly affect the likelihood of eating fish and shellfish away from home.Consumption, Fish and shellfish, Food at home, Food away from home, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,
ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AFFECTING FOOD AWAY FROM HOME CONSUMPTION: A SYNOPSIS
Consumer/Household Economics,
Fatih Sultan Mehmed'in Gevale Kalesi ile Karaman Ä°llerini Fethi ve Hamidi'nin Terci-i Bendi
[No Abstract Available
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