Cognitive Implications of Facilitating Echoic Persistence

Seventeen participants performed a tone-pattern-matching task at different presentation levels while concurrently engaged in a simulated-driving task. Presentation levels of 60, 65, and 70 dBC (SPL) were combined factorially with tone-matching delays of 2, 3, and 4 sec. Intensity had no effect on performance in single-task conditions and short-delay conditions. However, when the participants were engaged concurrently in the driving task, a significant interaction between presentation level and delay was observed. In the longest delay condition, the participants performed the tone-patten-matching task more efficiently (more quickly and without additional errors) as presentation intensity increased. These findings demonstrate the interaction between sensory and cognitive processes and point to a direct-intensity relationship where intensity affects the persistence of echoic memory. Implications for facilitating auditory processing and improving auditory interfaces in complex systems (i.e., transportation environments), particularly for older and hearing-impaired listeners, are. discussed

Dissociable Aspects of Mental Workload: Examinations of the P300 ERP Component and Performance Assessments

Advanced technologies have enabled the choice of either visual or auditory formats for avionics and surface transportation displays. Methods of assessing the mental workload imposed by displays of different formats are critical to their successful implementation. Towards this end a series of investigations were conducted with the following aims: 1) developing analogous auditory and visual versions of a secondary task that could be used to compare display modalities; and 2) to compare the sensitivity of neurophysiological, behavioral and subjective indices of workload. Experiments 1 and 2 confirmed that analogous auditory and visual secondary oddball discrimination tasks were of equivalent difficulty as indicated by P300 amplitude, RT, accuracy and subjective ratings of workload. Experiments 1-3 revealed that RT and accuracy for target detections were generally more sensitive to changes in primary task difficulty than P300 responses and subjective ratings. However, Experiment 3 indicated that P300 amplitude was sensitive to increased perceptual demands (resulting from driving in heavy fog versus clear visibility) not revealed by changes in either behavioral or subjective indices. Together the results of the current investigations indicate that a battery of assessment techniques will provide the most sensitive assessment of workload in complex environments

Verbal Collision Avoidance Messages of Varying Perceived Urgency Reduce Crashes in High Risk Scenarios

Collision Avoidance Systems (CASs) are increasingly being installed in motor vehicles. Concurrently, verbal warnings are increasingly utilized in aviation, surface transportation, and medical environments. The current driving simulation investigation examined crash avoidance behaviors in high risk driving situations and crash rate reduction as a function of exposure to different types of verbal CAS messages. CAS messages varied in presentation level (PL) and signal word. Postdrive ratings of perceived urgency, alerting effectiveness, and annoyance were also examined. The type of CAS warning presented resulted in significant differences in appropriate crash avoidance behaviors and crash rates. In the current paradigm, the most effective CAS warnings were those of moderate PU, specifically the low PU signal word “notice” presented at high PL and the high PU signal word “danger” presented at low PL. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for CAS warning design and hazard matching applicability

Mental Workload as a Function of Traffic Density: Comparison of Physiological, Behavioral, and Subjective Indices

High traffic density can be expected to increase the attentional processing requirements of driving. Establishing methods of assessing the differential demands placed on drivers by environmental variables has been the focus of a recent series of investigations. Results of an initial examination of the impact of traffic density on mental workload are reported here. The current investigation utilizes an array of methodological assessment techniques and compares the sensitivity of each to changes in attentional processing requirements as a function of driving task demand. Analogous versions of a visual and auditory sensory detection task were developed and used in a dual task paradigm involving simulated driving. P300 amplitude, though in the predicted direction, failed to distinguish between increased task demands resulting from increases in traffic density. Response time and accuracy to the detection task in both visual and auditory modalities demonstrated significant processing decrements as a function of increased traffic density. Subjective workload ratings obtained from the NASA TLX did not distinguish between driving task difficulty, but indicated that performing the visual detection task in combination with driving was perceived as more difficult than performing the concurrent auditory task. Implications of these results for modeling differential aspects of mental workload and for establishing workload assessment techniques for surface transportation environments are discussed

Controlled Rest in Position (CRIP): Consumer Perceptions in the United States

Controlled rest in position (CRIP) has been suggested as a viable countermeasure to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the ongoing efforts to combat in-flight pilot fatigue. It is already in use in other parts of the world; however, it is not currently permitted in the United States. While expert opinion suggested it poses little threat to flight safety, with valuable returns in terms of improved crew alertness and performance, there is some doubt about the level of consumer buy-in. This study completed a preliminary investigation into overall consumer willingness to fly, in the use of CRIP procedures in the United States. Two studies were completed to examine consumer perceptions toward the use of CRIP. It was found in both studies that male and female participants were less willing to fly when CRIP was used. Additionally, female participants were less willing than their male counterparts in both the control and experimental condition. In the second study, affect measures were collected and found to completely mediate the relationship between the use of CRIP and consumers’ willingness to fly. Findings may provide both regulators and airlines data that could aid in their decision-making processes as it relates to implementing such practices in the United States

Influence of Graphical METARS on Pilots' Weather Judgment

VFR flight into IMC conditions accounts for over 10% of general aviation fatalities each year. Recent research suggests that pilots may not properly assess weather conditions. New graphical weather information systems (GWISs) may positively or negatively influence pilot weather-related judgments. Since GWIS information is not always current it may not be veritical. In the current investigation twenty-four GA pilots made visibility and ceiling estimates of simulated weather conditions either with or without a GWIS display. Pilots generally overestimated weather conditions and their judgments were influenced by the GWIS. The results revealed an interaction between ceiling and visibility that suggests a new model for understanding VFR flight into IMC. The current results suggest an important area for future research into understanding pilots decisions to continue into deteriorating weather conditions. Results are discussed in terms of advancing aviation decision making models for understanding VFR into IMC flight, and the design of GWIS symbology to foster accurate assessments

Digitalisasi Desain Karakter Asisten Dr. Made, Abel, dan Joey Film Animasi "Volcanid: Rise of The Garudha"

VOLCANID: Rise of The Garudha bercerita tentang sekelompok remaja vlogger yang tergabung dalam Mythcatcher. Mereka adalah Vienetta, Fiona, Zad, Abel, dan Joey, karena kemampuan lebih mereka, Mythcatcher ditarik untuk bekerja bersama dengan VOLCANID yang merupakan tempat penelitian makhluk-makhluk mitologi yang masuk ke dunia fisik. Ketika berada di pusat penelitian VOLCANID dimana ditempatkannya penemuan artefak mecha Garudeya, tidak sengaja mereka masuk ke alat metaverse yang hanya dapat diakses oleh VOLCANID, membuat mereka terlempar ke dimensi kadewatan. Membawa mereka kesebuah petualangan membantu Garudeya mencari Tirta Amerta untuk membebaskan ibu Garudeya yaitu Dewi Winata dari perbudakan Dewi Kadru. Dasar cerita dari VOLCANID: Rise of The Garudha terinspirasi dari cerita mitologi garuda yang terdapat pada motif batik garuda. Indonesia merupakan negara dengan warisan kebudayaan yang beragam dan tak ternilai harganya. Batik merupakan salah satu aset budaya Indonesia yang memiliki nilai seni tinggi, memiliki ragam jenis dan corak yang syarat akan filosofi yang perlu dilestarikan dari generasi ke generasi karena merupakan bentuk Identitas Nasional Indonesia. Pembuatan film animasi dengan mengangkat kebudayaan Indonesia menjadi sebuah pilihan praktis untuk memperkenalkan kembali kebudayaan Indonesia dengan cara mengikuti perkembangan modern yang serba digital. Desain karakter merupakan bagian terpenting yang memegang jalannya cerita sekaligus yang meningkatkan daya tarik terhadap alur cerita. Artbook ini menjelaskan tentang proses digitalisasi karakter yang meliputi clean up dan coloring menggunakan software Adobe Photoshop, Medibang, dan Krita yaitu membuat digitalisasi ekspresi dan turn around desain karakter Asisten Dr. Made, Abel, dan Joey

Auditory In-Vehicle Technologies to Support Older Drivers

OBJECTIVES Population aging, in combination with improved health care and more active lifestyles well into advanced age, have resulted in an increased number of older adults driving more miles than ever before. Unfortunately, these older drivers are over-represented in motor vehicle crashes and crash-related fatalities. Rather than the risk-tasking behaviors observed in young drivers, the collisions of older drivers frequently involve perceptual-cognitive errors. Advanced in-vehicle technologies have the potential to function as sensory-cognitive aids and may offset the negative impact of age-related changes in sensory and cognitive abilities. Collision Avoidance Systems (CASs) function as sensory aids to augment hazard detection capabilities, and therefore may be of particular benefit to older drivers. Navigation aids can offset the working memory requirements of wayfinding, and auditory guidance directions may reduce the visual demands of searching for street signs and reading maps. However, these advanced systems also have the potential to increase the information processing demands of the driving task or distract drivers, particularly if they are not designed in accordance with the sensory and perceptual capabilities of older adults. A series of experiments aimed at examining the impact of sensory-cognitive characteristics of auditory navigational aids on driver wayfinding, performance on a visual peripheral detection task, and neurophysiological, behavioral and subjective indices of driver mental workload and performance were conducted. METHODS Results of two investigations will be discussed. The first investigation examined the impact of amplitude level on working memory. Older adults frequently exhibit reduced complex working memory span. However, recent evidence indicates that increasing a sound’s amplitude increases its duration in echoic memory (Baldwin, in press). Based on these findings, we hypothesized that increasing the amplitude of verbal material would improve working memory efficiency. RESULTS In support of this hypothesis, a strong positive correlation between the amplitude level at which the verbal material was presented and complex working memory span as measured by a version of Daneman and Carpenter’s (1980) Listening span task was observed. This positive relationship OBJECTIVES Population aging, in combination with improved health care and more active lifestyles well into advanced age, have resulted in an increased number of older adults driving more miles than ever before. Unfortunately, these older drivers are over-represented in motor vehicle crashes and crash-related fatalities. Rather than the risk-tasking behaviors observed in young drivers, the collisions of older drivers frequently involve perceptual-cognitive errors. Advanced in-vehicle technologies have the potential to function as sensory-cognitive aids and may offset the negative impact of age-related changes in sensory and cognitive abilities. Collision Avoidance Systems (CASs) function as sensory aids to augment hazard detection capabilities, and therefore may be of particular benefit to older drivers. Navigation aids can offset the working memory requirements of wayfinding, and auditory guidance directions may reduce the visual demands of searching for street signs and reading maps. However, these advanced systems also have the potential to increase the information processing demands of the driving task or distract drivers, particularly if they are not designed in accordance with the sensory and perceptual capabilities of older adults. A series of experiments aimed at examining the impact of sensory-cognitive characteristics of auditory navigational aids on driver wayfinding, performance on a visual peripheral detection task, and neurophysiological, behavioral and subjective indices of driver mental workload and performance were conducted. METHODS Results of two investigations will be discussed. The first investigation examined the impact of amplitude level on working memory. Older adults frequently exhibit reduced complex working memory span. However, recent evidence indicates that increasing a sound’s amplitude increases its duration in echoic memory (Baldwin, in press). Based on these findings, we hypothesized that increasing the amplitude of verbal material would improve working memory efficiency. RESULTS In support of this hypothesis, a strong positive correlation between the amplitude level at which the verbal material was presented and complex working memory span as measured by a version of Daneman and Carpenter’s (1980) Listening span task was observed. This positive relationshi

Comparing Methods of Detecting Mind Wandering While Driving

Driver distraction is a persistent threat to traffic safety. External distraction has been examined extensively, but few studies have focused on internal distraction such as mind wandering. Equivocal results from the few existing studies are likely due, at least in part, to different experimental methods. Mind wandering is commonly assessed using either a self-caught or probe-caught method. The current investigation sought to better understand the effects of mind wandering on driving performance using the self-caught method and the probecaught method. In the Self-Caught Experiment, lateral control measures such as, lateral position variability and steering reversal rate were greater when drivers reported on-task thoughts versus mind wandering. In the Probe-Caught Experiment, these results were not replicated using the traditional probe-caught analysis. Instead, when analyzing the results of the Probe-Caught Experiment in a similar manner as the Self-Caught Experiment, the results were replicated. These results highlight methodological concerns in detecting mind wandering while driving. Additional research is needed to determine which method should be employed in future studies

Hyperactivity persists in male and female adults with ADHD and remains a highly discriminative feature of the disorder: a case-control study

Background: Symptoms of hyperactivity are believed to fade with age leaving ADHD adults mostly inattentive and impulsive. Our aim was to test this assertion using objective measures of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. Method Participants were 40 subjects with ADHD (23M/17F; 35±10 yrs) and 60 healthy adults (28M/32F; 29±9 yrs) blindly assessed using Wender-Reimherr interview ratings, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders and DSM-IV criteria. Infrared motion capture systems tracked head and leg movements during performance of a No-4’s cognitive control task. Subjects also completed the Conners’ CPT-II. Results: ADHD and controls differed significantly in activity and attention. Effect sizes for activity measures (d’ = 0.7–1.6) were, on average, two-fold larger than differences in attention or impulsivity, correlated more strongly with executive function ratings and were more discriminatory (ROC area = 0.83 for activity composite, 0.65 for No-4’s distraction composite, 0.63 for Conners’ CPT-II confidence index, 0.96 for the combined activity and attention diagnostic index). This finding was true for subjects with the predominantly inattentive subtype as well as subjects with combined or predominantly hyperactive/impulsive subtype. Males and females with ADHD were equally active. The superior accuracy of activity measures was confirmed using Random Forest and predictive modeling techniques. Conclusions: Objectively measured hyperactivity persists in adults with ADHD and is a more discriminative feature of the disorder than computerized measures of inattention or impulsivity. This finding supports the hypothesis that a deficient ability to sit still remains a defining feature of the disorder in adults when it is measured objectively