Developing countries participation in the WTO Dispute Settlement System: how to facilitate?

This dissertation examines the developing countries participation and usage of the World Trade Organization's dispute settlement system. Although the World Trade Organization provides equal rights and obligation to enter into the dispute settlement process for all member countries, the litigation process is complex and costly for developing countries. There are various limitations for developing country participation when they want to use the dispute settlement mechanism and this dissertation mainly discusses the lack of legal and financial means of developing countries. In this regard, this dissertation examines possible solution which could increase developing country participation in the dispute settlement mechanism. These alternative resolutions may address the problem of the participation of developing countries in the dispute settlement system and it also try to develop a more effective working dispute settlement mechanism for developing countries. Therefore, World Trade Organization system could propose significant reforms in the Dispute Settlement Body which encourage developing country participation

On the Exhaustion of Local Remedies: Reconciling Sovereignty and Justice Before the European Court of Human Rights

Europe has a rule of law crisis. In the past decade, Turkey, Poland, and Hungary have undermined their democratic societies and compromised the independence of their institutions by affording unprecedented strength to their executive branch and imposing severe restrictions on the public sphere. As their illiberal policies spread, so does the frequency with which individuals adversely affected by these policies seek justice before the European Court of Human Rights. In these cases, Article 35(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights requires that they first exhaust the local remedies available in their national legal system. Article 35(1) reflects the role of the European Court of Human Rights to act as a subsidiary to Europe’s national judicial institutions and exercise a margin of appreciation for their ability to deliver a just outcome to litigants. However, this Comment shows that the principle of subsidiarity and the Court’s margin of appreciation for sovereign interests have led to an excessively formalistic interpretation of Article 35(1) in cases brought against Turkey and Hungary, leading to unjust conclusions for applicants and undermining the Court’s ability to guard against the erosion of rule of law in illiberal democracies. If the Court is to preserve its legitimacy as an institution capable of addressing human rights violations wherever they occur within its jurisdiction, it is critical that it plays a more active role in tackling Europe’s rule of law crisis. On this matter, Article 18 offers insight into the means by which the Court can provide relief to applicants and confront any unlawfully implemented state restrictions that compromise democratic governance in Member States without entirely delegitimizing these States’ legal and political systems

The UN’s Political Engagement in the Occupied Palestinian Territories: Reconceptualized Strategies in Humanitarianism and Diplomacy in the Middle East Peace Process

This paper studies the humanitarian crisis in the occupied Palestinian territories, focusing on the Palestinians’ short-term needs in emergency relief as well as their long-term needs regarding sustainable development, good governance, legal and physical protection. Against the backdrop of a cost/benefit analysis of the current UN humanitarian operational model, the paper then introduces new models of engagement, such the UN’s positioning itself as a mediator between the PA and the civic society throughout the implementation of a decentralized development model. Within this framework, the UN is advised to complement its engagement by facilitating negotiations towards a unified Palestinian government that incorporates the PA’s expertise in engaging the global political platform with the civic-based authority Hamas has within Palestine. The paper also proposes that the UN deploy a peace-keeping mission to help reduce the rate at which Israeli authorities and extremist settlers are pursuing a coercive environment in the WBGS. The last section of the essay highlights a reconceptualized diplomatic negotiation process spearheaded by the UN that complements its domestic operations. This reform essentially involves the expansion of the UN agenda to leverage the strategic partnerships the Gulf States, China, and Japan have with Israel and Palestine, as well as their financial powers to help sustain a viable Palestine until a settlement is reached

Social media use, disordered eating, and body image in adolescent females: a systematic review of the literature

Adolescent females are especially at risk of developing eating disorders due to expectations surrounding body image, social pressures, and influence from peers. With the significant role of social media in daily life, the average adolescent currently spends several hours a day engaging with content on social media. The overall aim of this review was to better understand the impact of social media consumption on disordered eating and body image among female adolescents. The primary research questions explored within this systematic review were as follows: Is there a relationship between social media use, body image concerns, and/or eating disorder symptoms in adolescent girls? What social media platforms and forms of engagement on social media are related to body image concerns and disordered eating? What is the age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status of adolescent females endorsing body dissatisfaction and/or eating disorder symptoms? Seven studies that met the inclusion criteria were examined and their findings were synthesized narratively. Results of this review help identify gaps in the literature to guide eating disorder prevention, treatment, and research

HAYATIN İÇİNDE KADIN

Uluslararası Bakalorya Programı, A1 Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı dersi kapsamında hazırlanan bu tez çalışmasında, Reşat Nuri Güntekin’in “Çalıkuşu” ve “Acımak” adlı yapıtlarında kadın figürlerinin olay örgüsüne etkisi, yapıtlardaki ana izlek üzerinden kanıtlanarak açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır. Tezin giriş bölümünde, Reşat Nuri Güntekin’in yaşam öyküsü ve Çağdaş Türk edebiyatının oluşumunda aldığı öncü rol hakkında bilgi verilecek, yapıtlarındaki kadın figürlerinin bireyselliği ile toplumsalı iç içe işlemesi vurgulanacaktır. Yazarın yapıtlarında, kadın figürlerinin olay örgüsünü yönlendirmesinde okuyucu kitlesine vermeyi amaçladığının neler olabileceği tartışılacaktır. Anlatım tekniklerinin, kadın figürlerin kişiliklerini ortaya koymadaki etkisi ikinci bölümde incelendikten sonra, üçüncü bölümde kadın figürlerin olaylarla içsel bağlantıları ve olay örgüsüne etkisi üç ana başlık altında verilecektir. İlk başlık altında, kadının çocukluk döneminde ailesinden miras kalan duygularının tüm yaşamı üzerindeki etkileri, kadın figürlerinin içsel dünyası, kadın için sevmek, sevilmek ve şefkat duygularının önemi, neden sonuç ilişkileriyle birbirine bağlantılı olarak anlatılacaktır. İkinci başlık altında, kadının bulunduğu toplumdaki olayların akışını yönlendirmedeki rolü, kadın figürlerinin bireyselliği ile toplumsalı iç içe işlemesi ile vurgulanacaktır. Üçüncü başlıkta ise, kadın figürlerinin ailenin sürdürülebilirliğindeki önemi olay örgüsü tekniği paralelinde incelenecektir. Çalışmanın sonuç bölümünde, yazarın kadın figürlerinin olay örgüsüne etkisi ile okuyucuya vermek istediği mesaj tartışılacaktır

1950-1960, Demokrat Parti dönemi İktidar-Muhalefet ilişkilerinin basın tarihine dayandırılarak incelenmesi

Bu çalışma 1950 ve 1960 yılları arasında Türkiye’de meydana gelen iktidar ve muhalefet ilişkisini içermektedir. Çalışmada esas olarak Demokrat Parti(DP) politika ve uygulamalarının Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi(CHP) tarafından eleştirilmesi konusu tartışılacaktır. Muhalefet tarafından karşı çıkılan politikalar gazetecilik unsuru göz önüne alınarak değerlendirilecektir. Bu amaçla o dönemin mevcut gazete haberleri ve yorumları dikkate alınmıştır

Strategies for Communicating Health and Safety Information on Construction Sites in Nigeria

The construction industry (CI) has earned the notoriety of being a risky or profoundly unsafe industry. Studies have credited the majority of the mishap on construction sites to poor communication of health and safety (H&S) information among all the parties engaged in construction activities. The study assessed strategies for communicating H&S information on construction sites and evaluates factors influencing the choice of communication strategies for H&S information on construction sites. The data for the investigation were gotten using multiple-choice questionnaire administered on 20 construction sites domicile in Abuja, Nigeria. A sum of one hundred (100) questionnaire were administered to respondents; out of which eighty-five (85) were returned speaking to 85% reaction rate. Data received were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at 95% degree of certainty. The study revealed that safety signs and training are most important medium of communicating H&S information on construction sites and shown that cost implication of the strategy significantly influences the choice of communication strategies for H&S information on Nigerian construction sites. The study therefore, recommends that contracting firms be duty-bound to engage signs and symbols in communicating H&S information, as communication that involves images is clearer and can be directly understood. Quantity surveyors should ensure that adequate provision is made in the bill of quantities for implementing H&S procedures on construction sites. Safety awareness ought to be incorporated in the overall procurement procedure, and workers should be consistently train and re-train on H&S procedures

Monoclonal Antibodies as Promising Therapeutic Agents in the Pharmaceutical Industry and Their Current Challenges.

Monoclonal antibody discovery and their use as therapeutic agents have made a revolutionary transformation in the research focus of the pharmaceutical industry which reflected to market growth with their promising profile for considerably severe diseases which are lacking in a complete treatment such as cancer and autoimmune disorders. However, their biochemical aspects bring various complexity and challenges in the development and use. This study evaluates the impact that monoclonal antibody therapeutics have made on the pharmaceutical industry, identifies the success in the generation of different monoclonal antibody formats over time, finds out the current bottlenecks within the development and therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies, and assesses their potential as therapeutic agents for currently untreatable diseases, with a special emphasis on their promising implementation into COVID-19. The study comprises qualitative and quantitative approach and was carried out with a group of 98 professionals that consisted of scientists, medical doctors, regulatory professionals, pharmaceutical/biotechnology professionals. Findings show that the most challenging factor in the development of monoclonal antibody therapeutics is the drug design and formulation, while high costs was identified as the most challenging factor for their use. Even though the bottlenecks in the development and use of monoclonal antibodies, challenges are considered manageable in the close future as a consequence of the growing interest in improving monoclonal antibodies, and global focus for their use against COVID- 19, as well as patent expirations which will lead to biosimilar alternatives