Chaos and Energy Redistribution the Nonlinear Interaction of Two Spatio-Temporal Wave Triplets

In this paper we examine the spatio-temporal dynamics of two nonlinearly coupled wave triplets sharing two common modes. Our basic findings are the following. When spatial dependence is absent, the homogeneous manifold so obtained can be chaotic or regular. If chaotic, it drives energy diffusion from long to small wavelengths as soon as inhomogeneous perturbations are added to the system. If regular, one may yet have two distinct cases: (i) energy diffusion is again present if the inhomogeneous modes are linearly unstable and triplets are effectively coupled; (ii) energy diffusion is absent if the inhomogeneous modes are linearly stable or the triplets are uncoupled.Comment: 21 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Physica D (1997

Modulation Of The Catalytic Activity Of Porphyrins By Lipid- And Surfactant-containing Nanostructures

The structural factors modulating porphyrin activity encompass pyrrole and equatorial ligands, as well as the central metal and the number and structure of their axial ligands. Of equal importance is the microenvironment provided by apoproteins, solvents and membranes. Porphyrins are often used to construct supramolecular structures with different applications. The modulation of activity of the porphyrins has been frequently achieved by mimicking nature, i.e., by the provision of different microenvironments for these molecules. The association of porphyrins to surfactant- and lipid-containing nanostructures has changed the activity of these compounds to mimic different enzymes such as SOD, cytochrome P450, peroxidases and others. In determined conditions, the reactive forms of the porphyrins are high-valence states of oxo-metal-π cations and oxo-metal produced by the reaction with peroxides and peracids. 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Isolamento e cultivo de protoplastos de porta-enxertos de citros

Protoplast isolation and growth of Citrus rootstock v. Cravo lime and Cleópatra mandarin were carried out Enzyme mixture was used to digest cell suspensions 7-10 times, following criterious purification. Protoplast culture was carried out in doplets of semi-solid (agarose 0.6% p/v) KM8p medium, in the dark, at 28 ± 1°C following density adjustment to 2 x 10(5) ppts/ml. Osmotic pressure reduction was acomplished for each growth every 10 days with a mixture in equal volumes of KM8p and KM8 medium in ratios of 2:1; 1:1; 1:2 e 0:3. Isolation produced 0.7 x 10(6) ppts/ml for Cleópatra mandarin and 0.5 x 10(6) ppts/ml for Cravo lime, with a viability between 86 to 92% and 73 to 80%, respectively. First cell divisions were recorded at the 8th. day of growth, with an inicial platting efficiency of 9% for Cleópatra mandarin and 5% for Cravo lime. Callus development was achived in 50 days upon transfer of microcalus to semi-solid MT medium.Realizou-se o isolamento e cultivo de protolastos de porta-enxertos de citros das variedades limoeiro Cravo e tangerina Cleópatra. Utilizou-se solução enzimática para a digestão da parede celular de células em suspensão (7 a 10 subcultivos em meio de cultura MT) e procedeu-se a purificação criteriosa. O plaqueamento dos protoplastos foi realizado em meio de cultivo KM8p e na molaridade de 0.6 M, sob condições de escuro a 28 ± 1°C, após ajuste para a densidade de 2 x 10s ppts/mL A redução da pressão osmótica do meio de cultivo foi realizada a cada 10 dias na seguinte proporção de meio de cultura KM8p 0.6 M e KM8 (2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 0:3). Com relação aos resultados, obteve-se em média o isolamento de 0.7 x 10(6) ppts / ml de suspensões celulares de tangerina Cleópatra e 0.5 x 1O6 ppts / ml de suspensões de limoeiro Cravo, com uma porcentagem de viabilidade de 86 a 92% para a variedade Cleópatra e de 73 a 80% para o limoeiro Cravo. As divisões celulares começaram a ocorrer por volta do 8° dia após o plaqueamento, sendo obtida uma eficiência inicial de plaqueamento de 9% para a variedade Cleópatra e de 5% para o limoeiro Cravo. Aos 50 dias de cultivo, as colônias foram transferidas para meio semi-sólido MT, onde apresentaram ritmo acelerado de crescimento formando calos

Emissary Foramens Of The Human Skull: Anatomical Characteristics And Its Relations With Clinical Neurosurgery [forámenes Emisarios Del Cráneo Humano: Características Anatómicas Y Sus Relaciones Con La Neurocirugía Clínica]

The recognition of emissary foramens is important not only for understanding the regional neurovascular anatomy, but also to distinguish normal from potentially abnormal structures. Thus, the aim of this study was to review the literature on anatomical and clinical aspects of the mastoid, parietal and sphenoid emissary foramens. It was found that the emissary foramen presents importance in clinical practice because it acts as a route of spread of extracranial infection to the intracranial structures and also possible complications in neurosurgery, due to its influence in the performance of techniques such as radiofrequency rhizotomy for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. 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Renal tubular dysfunction in patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis

Renal dysfunction seen in patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) has been attributed to the use of antimonials for treatment. To determine whether ACL itself causes tubular dysfunction, we measured renal function in 37 patients with ACL prior to their treatment and compared results to that in 10 healthy volunteers of similar mean age. None of the patients presented with glomerular dysfunction; however, 27 had a urinary concentrating defect. There was no statistical difference between groups in the pre- and post-desmopressin test of urine osmolality, but the post-test urine osmolality of the controls was significantly higher. Urinary AQP2 levels, determined by western blot of isolated exosomes, were found to be significantly lower in patients than in controls, whereas that of the cotransporter (NKCC2) was significantly higher. A urinary acidification defect (post-test pH greater than 5.50 following calcium chloride) was found in 15 patients. Pretest plasma bicarbonate was below normal in 12 patients as was the pretest plasma pH in 14. Expression of the Na/H exchanger (NHE3), H+-ATPase, and pendrin were all significantly higher in patients with ACL than in controls. A combined urinary concentration and acidification defect was found in 12 patients. Thus, the urinary concentrating defect of ACL may be caused by decreased AQP2, with increased NKCC2 compensatory. Pendrin upregulation may be related to the urinary acidification defect with increased NHE3 and H+-ATPase also compensatory. Hence, ACL can cause asymptomatic renal tubular dysfunction